论犯罪与刑罚(英文版)

论犯罪与刑罚OfCrimesandPunishmentsCesareBonesana,MarcheseBeccaria,1738-1794OriginallypublishedinItalianin1764Deidelittiedellepene.English:Anessayoncrimesandpunishments.WrittenbytheMarquisBeccaria,ofMilan.WithacommentaryattributedtoMonsieurdeVoltaire.Philadelphia:PrintedandsoldbyR.Bell,nextdoortoSt.Paul'sChurch,inThird-Street.MDCCLXXVIII.[1778]TranslatedfromtheFrenchbyEdwardD.Ingraham.SecondAmericanedition.Philadelphia(No.175,ChesnutSt.):PublishedbyPhilipH.Nicklin:A.Walker,printer,24,ArchSt.,1819.TableofContentsIntroduction.Chapter01OftheOriginofPunishments.Chapter02Oftherighttopunish.Chapter03ConsequencesoftheforegoingPrinciples.Chapter04OftheInterpretationofLaws.Chapter05OftheObscurityofLaws.Chapter06OftheProportionbetweenCrimesandPunishments.Chapter07OfestimatingtheDegreeofCrimes.Chapter08OftheDivisionofCrimes.Chapter09OfHonour.Chapter10OfDuelling.Chapter11OfcrimeswhichdisturbthePublicTranquillity.Chapter12OftheIntentofPunishments.Chapter13OftheCredibilityofWitnesses.Chapter14OfEvidenceandtheProofsofaCrime,andoftheFormofJudgment.Chapter15OfsecretAccusations.Chapter16OfTorture.Chapter17OfpecuniaryPunishments.Chapter18OfOaths.Chapter19OftheAdvantageofimmediatePunishment.Chapter20OfActsofviolence.Chapter21OfthePunishmentoftheNobles.Chapter22OfRobbery.Chapter23OfInfamyconsideredasaPunishment.Chapter24OfIdleness.Chapter25OfBanishmentandConfiscation.Chapter26OftheSpiritofFamilyinStates.Chapter27OftheMildnessofPunishments.Chapter28OfthePunishmentofDeath.Chapter29Ofimprisonment.Chapter30OfProsecutionandPrescription.Chapter31OfCrimesofdifficultProof.Chapter32OfSuicide.Chapter33OfSmuggling.Chapter34OfbankruptsChapter35OfSanctuaries.Chapter36OfRewardsforapprehendingorkillingCriminals.Chapter37OfAttempts,Accomplices,andPardon.Chapter38OfsuggestiveInterrogations.Chapter39OfaparticularKindofCrimes.Chapter40OffalseIdeasofUtility.Chapter41OftheMeansofpreventingCrimes.Chapter42OftheSciences.Chapter43OfMagistrates.Chapter44Ofrewards.Chapter45OfEducation.Chapter46OfPardons.Chapter47Conclusion.Introduction.Ineveryhumansociety,thereisaneffortcontinuallytendingtoconferononeparttheheightofpowerandhappiness,andtoreducetheothertotheextremeofweaknessandmisery.Theintentofgoodlawsistoopposethiseffort,andtodiffusetheirinfluenceuniversallyandequally.Butmengenerallyabandonedthecareoftheirmostimportantconcernstotheuncertainprudenceanddiscretionofthosewhoseinterestitistorejectthebestandwisestinstitutions;anditisnottilltheyhavebeenledintoathousandmistakesinmattersthemostessentialtotheirlivesandliberties,andarewearyofsuffering,thattheycanbeinducedtoapplyaremedytotheevilswithwhichtheyareoppressed.Itisthentheybegintoconceiveandacknowledgethemostpalpabletruthswhich,fromtheirverysimplicity,commonlyescapevulgarminds,incapableofanalysingobjects,accustomedtoreceiveimpressions,withoutdistinction,andtobedeterminedratherbytheopinionsofothersthanbytheresultoftheirownexamination.Ifwelookintohistoryweshallfindthatlaws,whichare,oroughttobe,conventionsbetweenmeninastateoffreedom.havebeen,forthemostparttheworkofthepassionsofafew,ortheconsequencesofafortuitousortemporarynecessity;notdictatedbyacoolexaminerofhumannature,whoknewhowtocollectinonepointtheactionsofamultitude,andhadthisonlyendinview,thegreatesthappinessofthegreatestnumber.Happyarethosefewnationswhohavenotwaitedtilltheslowsuccessionofhumanvicissitudesshould,fromtheextremityofevil,produceatransitiontogood;butbyprudentlawshavefacilitatedtheprogressfromonetotheother!Andhowgreataretheobligationsduefrommankindtothatphilosopher,who,fromtheobscurityofhiscloset,hadthecouragetoscatteramongthemultitudetheseedsofusefultruths,solongunfruitful!Theartofprintinghasdiffusedtheknowledgeofthosephilosophicaltruths,bywhichtherelationsbetweensovereignsandtheirsubjects,andbetweennationsarediscovered.Bythisknowledgecommerceisanimated,andtherehassprungupaspiritofemulationandindustry,worthyofrationalbeings.Thesearetheproduceofthisenlightenedage;butthecrueltyofpunishments,andtheirregularityofproceedingsincriminalcases,soprincipalapartofthelegislation,andsomuchneglectedthroughoutEurope,hashardlyeverbeencalledinquestion.Efforts,accumulatedthroughmanycenturies,haveneveryetbeenexposedbyascendingtogeneralprinciples;norhastheforceofacknowledgedtruthsbeeneveropposedtotheunboundedlicentiousnessofill-directedpower,whichhascontinuallyproducedsomanyauthorisedexamplesofthemostunfeelingbarbarity.Surely,thegroansoftheweak,sacrificedtothecruelignoranceandindolenceofthepowerful,thebarbaroustormentslavished,andmultipliedwithuselessseverity,forcrimeseithernotproved,orintheirnatureimpossible,thefilthandhorrorsofaprison,increasedbythemostcrueltormentorofthemiserable,uncertainty,oughttohaverousedtheattentionofthosewhosebusinessistodirecttheopinionsofmankind.TheimmortalMontesquieuhasbutslightlytouchedonthissubject.Truth,whichiseternallythesame,hasobligedmetofollowthestepsofthatgreatman;butthestudiouspartofmankind,forwhomIwrite,willeasilydistinguishthesuperstructurefromthefoundation.Ishallbehappyif,withhim,Icanobtainthesecretthanksoftheobscureandpeac