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情态动词(ModalVerbs)情态动词表示说话人对所说行为的看法,本身有词义,后面跟动词原形一起构成句子的谓语(属于复合谓语的一种)。情态动词表示说话人的某种情态,没有人称和数的变化。1.can,could1)表示能力。JohncanspeakFrenchverywell.约翰能流利地讲法语。Marycouldplaythepianowellwhenshewasyoung.玛丽年轻时就能弹钢琴。2)表示客观可能性。Anybodycanmakemistakes.任何人都可能会犯错。Agood-temperedmancansometimesgetveryangry.一个脾气好的人有时可能非常生气。3)表示许可。Youcangonow.现在你可以走了。Fathersaidwecouldgototheconcert.父亲说我们可以参加音乐会。4)表示推测,常用于否定句和疑问句中。Itcan’tbefiveo’clockalready.不可能已经五点了。Onecannotputbacktheclock.时光不能倒流。Itcan’tbetrue.这不可能是真的。Whatcanhepossiblywant?他可能要什么呢?can和could与不带to的不定式的完成式(havedone)连用,表示对过去情况的推测,常用于否定句和疑问句中。couldhavedone也可表示过去某事可能发生,但是却没有发生,常译为“本能够做某事,(但事实上没做)”。---WhereisDick?Wherecanhehavegone?迪克在哪儿?他可能到哪儿去呢?---Hecannothavegonetowork.TodayisSunday.他不可能上班去。今天是星期天。Hecouldhavegiventheanswer,butherefusedto.他本来能给回答的,但他拒绝这样做。2.may,might1)表示许可。(用于正式场合,在非正式场合中,多用can或could)MayIgototheparty?我可以去参加聚会吗?IwonderifImightaskyouafavor.我不知道是否可以请你帮忙。---MayIborrowyourCDplayer?我可以借你的CD播放机吗?肯定回答:---Yes,youmay./youcan.否定回答:---No,youmustn’t./youcan’t.2)表示推测。常用于肯定句中。Thenewsmaybetrue.这消息可能是真实的。Takeyourumbrellawithyou.Itmayrainlaterthisafternoon.“may/mighthavedonesth.”表示对过去发生的事情进行推测。---HasJohnsonarrived?---No,hemayhavemissedthetrain.3.must1)表示“必须”。Imustmakeanappointmentwiththedentist.Realfriendshipmustshareeverything.注:A:must与haveto(英式英语中:havegotto)的区别:must只有一个形式,而haveto可用于多个时态;must强调主观意愿,而haveto强调客观需要。Theymustfinishthetaskassoonastheycan.Ihavetoworkfrom9.00a.m.till5.00p.m.everyday.---MustIfinishthetasktoday?肯定回答:---Yes,youmust.否定回答:---No,youneedn’t./youdon’thaveto.2)表示“一定”,常用于肯定句。Johnrunsalargecompany.Hemusthavealotofmoney.Thegroundiswet,anditmustberainingoutside.“musthavedone”表示对过去事实进行推测。TheymusthavespenttoomuchtimesurfingtheInternet.4.should/oughtto1)表示“应该,应当”Youshouldmakemorefriends.Youshouldnotdriveafterdrinkingbecauseitisdangerous.Yououghttobemorecareful.Oneoughttobebroad-mindedaboutsuchthings.Youshouldn’t/oughtn’ttogoonlivingthisway.2)表示猜测。Thedinnershould/oughttobereadynow.3)should可用于疑问句,表示征求意见。Whatshouldwedoincaseofemergency?ShouldIhelpyouwiththework?4)should/oughttohavedone“本应该做某事,但事实上没做”shouldn’t/oughtn’ttohavedone“本不应该做某事,但事实上做了”Youshould/oughttohaveworkedharderbeforethetest.Youshouldn’t/oughtn’ttohavespentsomuchtimeplayingcomputergames.5.hadbetter表示“最好”,否定结构为“hadbetternot”Youhadbetterkeepyourmouthshutaboutit.Youhadbetternottakeotherpeople’sthingswithouttheirpermission.6.need1)“需要”,既可以用作情态动词,也可用作实意动词,其具体用法见下表:肯定结构否定结构need(实意动词)needtodo(常用)notneedtodoneed(情态动词)needdoneedn’tdo(常用)Ineedtogetsomesleep.Youdon’tneedtoleave,don’tyou?Ifshewantsanything,sheneedonlyask.Youneedn’tfinishthatworktoday.2)needn’thavedone表示“本不必做某事,但事实上做了”。Youneedn’thavehurriedatthatmoment.Heneedn’thavewateredtheflowers,forit’sgoingtorain.7.dare表示“敢”,既可以用作情态动词,也可用作实意动词,其具体用法见下表:肯定结构否定结构dare(实意动词)daretodo(常用)notdaretododare(情态动词)daredodaren’tdo(常用)HowdareyousayIamaliar?Shedaren’ttellherteacheraboutthemistakebecauseshedoesn’twanttobepunished.Hedidn’tdare(to)saywhathethought.8.shall1)用于第一、三人称疑问句,表示征求对方意见。Whatshallwedo?Shalltheboywait?(=Doyouwanttheboytowait?)2)用于第二、三人称,表示许诺、威胁、命令。Thebosssaid,“Youshallhavewhateveryouwant.”Sheshalldoassheistold.Youshallsufferforthis.你会为此吃苦头的。3)表示决心。Weshallworkhardtoachieveourgoal.9.will1)用于第二人称,表示请求。Willyoucomeovertomyhomefordinner?2)表示意愿、决心、许诺或猜测。IwillgiveyouallIcan.Accidentswillhappen.意外情况难免会发生。Oilandwaterwillnotmix.Wewillpaybackthemoneyassoonaspossible.10.would1)表示请求、询问、意愿等,比will语气委婉。Wouldyoutellmethewaytothetrainstation?I’msurehewouldn’tmind.2)表示过去某种倾向或习惯行为。Hewouldsitthereforhourssometimes,withoutdoinganything.11.usedto表示过去的习惯或状态。否定结构:usedn’tto/didn’tuseto;疑问结构:Usedyouto…?/Didyouuseto…?Weusedtoswimeverydaywhenwewerelittlekids.
本文标题:初中英语语法--情态动词
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