新编语言学教程名词解释(部分重点)

(1)linguistics:（语言学）thescientificorsystematicstudyoflanguage.(2)language:（语言）asystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.(3)arbitrariness:（任意性）theabsenceofsimilaritybetweentheformofalinguisticsignandwhatitrelatestoinreality,e.g.theworddogdoesnotlooklikeadog.(4)duality:（双重性）thewaymeaninglesselementsoflanguageatonelevel(soundsandletters)combinetoformmeaningfulunits(words)atanotherlevel.(5)competence:（语言能力）knowledgeofthegrammarofalanguageasaformalabstractionanddistinctfromthebehaviorofactuallanguageuse,i.e.performance.(6)performance:（语言运用）Chomsky’stermforactuallanguagebehaviorasdistinctfromtheknowledgethatunderliesit,orcompetence.(11)synchroniclinguistics:（共时语言学）thestudyoflanguageandspeechastheyareusedatagivenmomentandnotintermsofhowtheyhaveevolvedovertime.(12)diachroniclinguistics:（历时语言学）thestudyoflinguisticchangeovertimeincontrasttolookingatlanguageasitisusedatagivenmoment.(6)phoneme:（音位）theabstractelementofasound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.(7)phonetics（语音学）:thestudyoflinguisticspeechsounds,howtheyareproduced,howtheyareperceived,andtheirphysicalproperties.(8)phonology:（音位学）thestudyoftheabstractsystemsunderlyingthesoundsoflanguage.(1)morphology:（形态学）thestudyofthestructureofwords.(2)morpheme:（词素）thesmallestunitoflanguagethatcarriesmeaningorservesagrammaticalfunction.(3)freemorpheme:（自由词素）amorphemethatcanstandaloneasaword.(4)boundmorpheme:（黏着词素）amorphemethatcannotstandaloneasaword,e.g.ment(asinestablishment),and-er(asinpainter).(5)morph:（语素变体）thesmallestmeaningfulphoneticsegmentsofanutteranceonthelevelofparole.(6)allomorph:aphoneticforminwhichamorphemeisrealized,e.g.-s,-es,andenareallallomorphs(inwriting)ofthepluralmorpheme.(1)syntax:thetermusedtorefertothestructureofsentencesandtothestudyofsentencestructure.（句法学）(5)ICanalysis:（Immediateconstituentanalysis直接成分分析法）theapproachtodividethesentenceupintoitsimmediateconstituentsbyusingbinarycuttinguntilobtainingitsultimateconstituents.(11)ideationalfunction（概念功能）:theuseoflanguageasameansofgivingstructuretoourexperienceoftherealorimaginaryworld.(12)interpersonalfunction（人际功能）:theuseoflanguageformaintainingsocialrolesandinteractingwithothers.(13)textualfunction（语篇功能）:tocreatewrittenorspokentextswhichcoherewithinthemselvesandwhichfittheparticularsituationinwhichtheyareused.(1)semantics:thestudyoflinguisticmeaning.语义学(14)synonymy:(同义)thesenserelationsofequivalenceofmeaningbetweenlexicalitems,e.g.small/littleanddead/deceased.(15)antonymy:(反义关系)thesenserelationofvariouskindsofopposingmeaningbetweenlexicalitems,e.g.big/small,alive/deadandgood/bad.(16)hyponymy:（上下义关系）thesenserelationbetweentermsinahierarchy,whereamoreparticularterm(thehyponym)isincludedinthemoregeneralone(thesuperordinate):XisaY,e.g.abeechisatree,atreeisaplant.(17)meronym:（整体部分关系）thesenserelationbetweenbodyanditspartswhicharenotonlysectionsofthebodybutdefinedintermsofspecificfunctions.Forexample,theheadisthepartofthebodywhichcarriesthemostimportantsenseorgans,i.e.eyes,ears,noseandtongue.(1)pragmatics:（语用学）abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieslanguageinuse.(2)deixis:（指示）themarkingoftheorientationorpositionofentitiesandsituationswithrespecttocertainpointsofreferencesuchastheplace(here/there)andtime(now/then)ofutterance.(1)sociolinguistics:thestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety,thatis,howsocialfactorsinfluencethestructureanduseoflanguage.（社会语言学）(8)diglossia:（双语）asituationwhentwodistinctvarietiesofthesamelanguageareused,sidebyside,fortwodifferentsetsoffunctions.(9)bilingualism:（双语现象）theuseofatleasttwolanguageseitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers,suchastheinhabitantsofaparticularregionoranation.(11)taboo:（禁忌）awordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythepolitesocietyfromgeneraluse.(12)euphemism:（委婉语）awordorphrasethatreplacesataboowordorisusedtoavoidreferencetocertainactsorsubjects,e.g.“powderroom”for“toilet”.(1)cognitivelinguistics:anewapproachtothestudyoflanguageandmind.Accordingtothisapproach,languageandlanguageusearebasedonourbodilyexperienceandthewayweconceptualizeit.（认知语言学）