Generalization

1、GeneralizationGeneral-to-specificorganizationExemplification(deductive)Specific-to-generalorganizationGeneralization(Inductive)Specificfacts,imagesarepresentedfirstThediscussionofamoregeneralorabstractsubjectleadtoWarm-upActivitiesDiscussingroupswhetherbooks,plays,andfilmsshould/shouldnotbecensored.Thenbasedonthegroupdiscussion,writeoneparagraphortwobypresentingsomespecificdetailsbeforeageneralconclusionisreached.OrganizationalStructureSample1Para.AAdvertisingcontainsatleastaminimumofinfo。

2、rmationaboutproductsandservicesavailable.Byprovidingsuchinformation,advertisershopetofillinpeople’scognitivemaps.Advertisersalsotrytocreatefavorableattitudestowardtheirproductsandspecificbrandsandtolinksuchproductstoexitingneeds.Lastly,advertisershopetostimulateactualpurchasebehaviors.Thus,mediaadvertisingcanhavecognitive,affectiveandbehavioraleffectsonconsumers.Qs:1.Whatisthesubjectunderdiscussion?2.Whichsentenceprovidespecificideas?3.Whatisthefunctionofthelastsentence?Para.BAmericanshaveevense。

3、enmurderLIVEontheirhomescreens.TensofmillionswatchedLeeHarveyOswaldbeingtransferredtoajailtoawaittrialfortheassassinationofPresidentKennedywhenOswaldwassuddenlyshottodeathbeforetheireyes.Americanshavewatchedheadsofstatetakeoffice,andbeburied.TheJohnKennedyassassinationandfuneralwereseenby96percentofallTVhomes,eachwatchinganaverageof31andahalfhours.NineoutoftenAmericanfamiliesfollowedthemoonflightofApollo11,watchinganaverageof15hours.Television,inshort,overandaboveprovidingentertainment,canmakeAm。

4、ericapayattentionascannoothermediumandinformsthepeopleinawaythatthenationhasneverbeforebeeninformed.Qs:1.Howmanyinstancesarepresentedinthepara.?2.Whatisthegeneralpoint?Wheredoesitappear?Whateffectdoesthearrangementhaveontheparagraph?Bothparagraphsfollowaparticular-to-generalpattern.Sample2Para.AInprint,wehavebroadsheetandtabloidnewspapers,magazines,journals,andbooks.Eachcouldbesubcategorized.Forexample,bookscanbesubdividedintoavarietyoftypes–masspaperbacks,qualitypaperbacks,hardcovers,textbook。

5、s,schoolbooks,limitededitions,coffee-tablebooks,talkingbooks,largeprintbooks,children’sliterature---andeachtypecouldbefurthersubdivided.Intheelectronicmediawehavepublic,community,educational,andcommercialtelevision,andradioisdeliveredbybroadcast,cable,andsatellite.Wealsohavefeaturefilmsaswellasnon-theatricalfilms.Soundrecordingsareavailableonvinyl(LPs),audiocassettes,andCDs,aswellas,intheirpromotionalversion,onvideocassettes.Infact,inthemodernmassmediaasetoftechnologicalconfigurationsbringsusinf。

6、ormationinavarietyofforms,andinventingtherighttechnologyisafeatinitself.DegreeofgeneralityFormmoregeneralInprint…specificTelevision…morespecificFeature,non-theatricalfilms…generalizationParaBInventions,beginningwiththeinventionofmovabletype,madethemassmediapossibleinthefirstplace.Theprintingpressbroughtaboutarevolutioninlearninginasensethatlargenumbersofpeoplecouldhaveaccesstoit.Televisionbroughtasecondrevolutionbymeansofthemedia.Millionscouldwatchapresidentbeingsworninorburied,aspaceshiplaunche。

7、d,anOlympicracerun,comediesortalkshowsatthesametime.Televisionmadeexperiencesavailabletomassivenumbersofpeople.Inthefuture,thisrevolutioninbothinformationandexperienceswillspreadtothefarreachesoftheworldandeventoouterspace.Ultimately,youwillbeabletoseeandtalkinstantlytoanyoneelseintheworld.You,throughthemediumoftelevision,willbeamemberofa“globalvillage”.Undoubtedly,technologywilltakealeadingroleinthemediafutureasitalwayshasinthepast.Qs:What&whereisthetopicsentence?SummaryFirststatement(general)。

8、Factorillustrationrelatedtothefirststatement(specific)Secondstatement(samelevelofgeneralityasthefirststatement)Factorillustrationrelatedtothefirststatement(specific)…Topicsentence(mostgeneral)StepbystepthroughtheinductivepatterntoaconclusionLevelofGeneralityGroup1Themassmediaareoftenbadlyused.Newspapersonlygivesensationalnews.Radioprogramsareusuallysuperficial.Televisionhasbadeffectsonpeople.Group2Televisioncommercialsdistortthetruthaboutproducts.Crimefilmsontelevisionencourageviolence.T。

9、elevisionhasbadeffectsonpeople.Televisiondocumentariesstoppeoplefromthinkingindependently.Group3Toothpastedoesnotmaketeethwhite.Televisioncommercialsdistortthetruthaboutproducts.Thesafetyofelectricalgoodsisexaggerated.Manywidely-advertisedpain-killersarenoteffective.Qs:1.Underlinethegeneralizationineachgroup.2.Discussthelevelsofgeneralityorspecificity.3.Rearrangethesesentencestomakeawell-developedpassageendingwiththemostgeneralstatement.Usinglinkingwordswherenecessary.FaultyGeneralization1.Some。

10、AmericansfromHollywoodaremoviestars.Allmoviestarsarerich;therefore,allAmericansarerich.2.OnTV,IsawGeorgeBushsigningdocumentswithhislefthand.IsawRonaldReagansigningdocumentswithhislefthand.IsawBillClintonsigningdocumentswithhislefthandaswell.Clearly,allAmericanpresidentsareleft-handed.1.Overgeneralization2.Hastygeneralization:particularinstancesareinadequatetosupportthegeneralconclusion.LinkingDevicesTherefore,consequently,thus,then,asaresult,insummary,toconclude,last,accordingly,inconsequence,al。