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NewEnglandTranscendentalismImportantterms(1)Transcendentalism:TranscendentalismisphilosophicalandliterarymovementthatflourishedinNewEnglandfromabout1836to1860.Itoriginatedamongasmallgroupofintellectualswhowerereactingagainsttheorthodoxy(正统的)ofCalvinismandtherationalismoftheUnitarianChurch(唯一神论教派),developinginsteadtheirownfaithcenteringonthedivinityofhumanityandthenaturalworld.Importantterms(1)TranscendentalismderivedsomeofitsbasicidealisticconceptsfromromanticGermanphilosophy,andfromsuchEnglishauthorsasColeridge,andWordsworth.ItsmysticalaspectswerepartlyinfluencedbyIndianandChinesereligiousteachings.Importantterms(1)Althoughtranscendentalismwasneverarigorouslysystematicphilosophy,ithadsomebasictenetsthatweregenerallysharedbyitsadherents.ThebeliefsthatGodisimmanentineachpersonandinnature(每人都有内在的神性)andthatindividualintuitionisthehighestsourceofknowledgeledtoanoptimisticemphasisonindividualism,self-reliance,andrejectionoftraditionalauthority.Importantterms(1)TheideasoftranscendentalismweremosteloquentlyexpressedbyRalphWaldoEmersoninsuchessaysasNature(1836),andSelf-RelianceandbyHenryDavidThoreauinhisbookWalden.Importantterms(2)Individualism:Individualismisamoral,political,andsocialphilosophy,whichemphasizesindividualliberty,theprimaryimportanceoftheindividual,andthe“virtuesofself-reliance”.Itassumesthatapersoncanbesociallyandculturallyfreeofupbringing.Importantterms(2)Individualismclaimstheabilitytooppose“authority”,andtoallmannerofcontrolsovertheindividual(反对一切压抑个人的支配行为),especiallywhenexercisedbythepoliticalstateor“society”.Itisthusdirectlyopposedtocollectivism(集体主义),socialpsychologyandsociology,whichconsidertheindividual’srapporttothesocietyorcommunity.Importantterms(3)AmericanRenaissance:ThenameisgiventoaflourishingofdistinctivelyAmericanliteratureintheperiodbeforetheCivilWar.ThisrenaissanceisrepresentedbytheworkofRalphWaldoEmerson,H.D.Thoreau,NathanielHawthorne,HermanMelville,andWaltWhitman.ItsmajorworksareHawthorne’sTheScarletLetter(红字,1850),Melville‘sMoby-Dick(白鲸,1851),andWhitman’sLeavesofGrass(草叶集,1855).TheAmericanRenaissancemayberegardedasadelayedmanifestationofRomanticism(浪漫主义的延续),especiallyinEmerson’sphilosophyofTranscendentalism.ImportantfeaturesofNewEnglandTranscendentalism(1)Firstly,theTranscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit精神,ortheOversoul超灵,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.TheOversoulwasanall-pervadingpowerforgoodness(超灵是善良的体现),omnipresentandomnipotent(无处不在,无所不能),fromwhichallthingscameandofwhichallwereapart.Itexistedinnatureandmanalikeandconstitutedthechiefelementoftheuniverse.(是宇宙构成的主要元素)ImportantfeaturesofNewEnglandTranscendentalism(2)Secondly,theTranscendentalistsstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothemtheindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety.Astheregenerationofsociety(社会的再生)couldonlycomeaboutthroughtheregenerationoftheindividual,hisperfection(自我完善),hisself-culture(自我休养)andself-improvement,andnotthefrenziedefforttogetrich,shouldbecomethefirstconcernofhislife.ImportantfeaturesofNewEnglandTranscendentalism(2)Theidealtypeofmanwastheself-reliantindividualwhomEmersonneverstoppedtalkingaboutallhislife.TheTranscendentalistslikeEmersonandThoreauweretellingpeopletodependuponthemselvesforspiritualperfectioniftheycaredtomaketheeffortbecause,intheiropinion,theindividualsoulcommunedwiththeOversoulandwasthereforedivine.Nowthisnewnotionoftheindividualandhisimportancerepresented,obviously,anewwayoflookingatman.ImportantfeaturesofNewEnglandTranscendentalism(2)Itwasalsoareactionagainsttheprocessofdehumanization(磨灭人性)thatcameinthewakeofdevelopingcapitalism.TheindustrializationofNewEnglandwasturningmenintononhumans.Peoplewerelosingtheirindividualityandwerebecominguniform.TheTranscendentalistssawtheprocessinprogressand,bytryingtoreasserttheimportanceoftheindividual,emphasizedthesignificanceofmenregainingtheirlostpersonality.ImportantfeaturesofNewEnglandTranscendentalism(3)Thirdly,theTranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod(自然是超灵或上帝的体现).Naturewas,tothem,notpurelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.ItwasthegarmentoftheOversoul(自然是超灵的外衣).Thereforeitcouldexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonthehumanmind(自然能够影响人类心灵的健康和恢复).WhattheTranscendentalistsseemedtobesayingwas,“Gobacktonature,sinkyourselfbackintoitsinfluence,andyou’llbecomespirituallywholeagain.”RalphWaldoEmersonAsthemosteloquentspokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism,RalphWaldoEmerson(1803--1882)hashadgreatinfluenceforcenturiesextendingbeyondtheliterarycommunitytotheAmericanpeopleatlarge其思想已成为美国传统文化意识的一部分.RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonwasborninBoston,thesonofaUnitarianminister唯一神教牧师whodiedwhenEmersonwaseightyearsold.HeattendedHarvard,studiedtheology,andbecameaUnitarianministerhimselfin1829.Inthatyearhewasalsomarried,buthisbelovedwife,Ellen,diedonlysixteenmonthslater.In1832,EmersonfeltobligedtoresignhisministryAfteratriptoEurope,wherehemettheEnglishwritersWordsworth,Coleridge,andCarlyle,hesettledinthevillageofConcord,Massachusetts.Heremarriedandbeganhislifelongcareeraslecturerandwri
本文标题:美国文学-超验主义
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