语法课PPT(现在完成时和现在完成进行时的比较)

PositiveNegativeQuestionI/you/we/theyIhavespoken.Ihavenotspoken.HaveIspoken?he/she/itHehasspoken.Hehasnotspoken.Hashespoken?过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。WhenweusethePresentPerfectitmeansthatsomethinghashappenedatsomepointinourlivesbeforenow.Remember,theexacttimetheactionhappenedisnotimportant.Sometimes,wewanttolimitthetimewearelookinginforanexperience.Wecandothiswithexpressionssuchas:inthelastweek,inthelastyear,thisweek,thismonth,sofar,uptonow,etc.Examples:•HaveyoubeentoMexicointhelastyear?•Ihaveseenthatmoviesixtimesinthelastmonth.•Theyhavehadthreetestsinthelastweek.•Shegraduatedfromuniversitylessthanthreeyearsago.Shehasworkedforthreedifferentcompaniessofar.•Mycarhasbrokendownthreetimesthisweek.•1、putsemphasisontheresult•Example:Shehaswrittenfiveletters.•2、actionthatisstillgoingon•Example:Schoolhasnotstartedyet.•3、actionthatstoppedrecently•Example:Shehascookeddinner.•4、finishedactionthathasaninfluenceonthepresent•Example:Ihavelostmykey.•5、actionthathastakenplaceonce,neverorseveraltimesbeforethemomentofspeaking•Example:IhaveneverbeentoAustralia.•Already•Ever•just•never•Notyet•sofar•tillnow•UptonowPositiveNegativeQuestionI/you/we/theyIhavespoken.Ihavenotspoken.HaveIspoken?he/she/itHehasspoken.Hehasnotspoken.Hashespoken?表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚刚开始，也可能仍在继续，并可能延续到将来。FormofPresentPerfectExamplesofTypicalTimeExpressionsUptonowRecentlyforlatelysincerecentlyallmorningallday1、putsemphasisonthedurationorcourseofanaction(nottheresult)Example:Shehasbeenwritingfortwohours.2、actionthatrecentlystoppedorisstillgoingonExample:Ihavebeenlivingheresince2000.3、finishedactionthatinfluencedthepresentExample:Ihavebeenworkingallafternoon.•allday•for4years•since1993•howlong?•thewholeweekPresentPerfectSimplePresentPerfectProgressiveirregularverbs:formof'have'+3rdcolumnofirregularverbsExample:I/you/we/theyhavespokenhe/she/ithasspokenregularverbs:formof'have'+infinitive+edExample:I/you/we/theyhaveworkedhe/she/ithasworkedformof'have'+been+verb+ingExample:I/you/we/theyhavebeenspeakinghe/she/ithasbeenspeakingExceptionsExceptionswhenadding'ed':whenthefinalletterise,onlyadddExample:love-lovedafterashort,stressedvowel,thefinalconsonantisdoubledExample:admit-admittedfinallisalwaysdoubledinBritishEnglish(notinAmericanEnglish)Example:travel-travelledafteraconsonant,finalybecomesi(but:notafteravowel)Example:worry-worriedbut:play-playedExceptionswhenadding'ing':silenteisdropped.(but:doesnotapplyfor-ee)Example:come-comingaber:agree-agreeingafterashort,stressedvowel,thefinalconsonantisdoubledExample:sit-sittingafteravowel,thefinalconsonantlisdoubledinBritishEnglish(butnotinAmericanEnglish).Example:travel-travellingfinaliebecomesy.Example:lie-lyingPresentPerfectSimplePresentPerfectProgressiveResult(what/howmuch/howoften)Ihavewritten5letters./IhavebeentoLondontwice.Duration(howlong)Ihavebeenwritingforanhour.Resultorduration?Doyouwanttoexpresswhathashappenedsofarorhowlonganactionhasbeengoingonyet?PresentPerfectSimplePresentPerfectProgressiveEmphasisoncompletionIhavedonemyhomework.(Meaning:Myhomeworkiscompletednow.)EmphasisondurationIhavebeendoingmyhomework.(Meaning:That'showIhavespentmytime.Itdoesnotmatterwhetherthehomeworkiscompletednow.)Emphasisoncompletionorduration?Doyouwanttoemphasisethecompletionofanactionoritscontinuouscourse(howhassomebodyspenthistime)?PresentPerfectSimplePresentPerfectProgressivedesiredresultIhavewashedthecar.(Result:Thecariscleannow.)unwantedsideeffectWhyareyousowet?-Ihavebeenwashingthecar.(sideeffect:IbecamewetwhenIwaswashingthecar.Itdoesnotmatterwhetherthecariscleannow.)Resultorsideeffect?Doyouwanttoexpressthatacompletedactionledtoadesiredresultorthattheactionhadanunwantedsideeffect?PresentPerfectSimplePresentPerfectProgressivesincethelasttimeIhaven'tplayedthatgameforyears.(Meaning:It'syearsagothatIlastplayedthatgame.)sincethebeginningIhaven'tbeenplayingthatgameforanhour,onlyfor10minutes.(Meaning:It'snotevenanhouragothatIstartedtoplaythatgame.)Time+negation:lasttimeorbeginningofanaction?Innegativesentences:Doyouwanttoexpresshowmuchtimehaspastsincethelasttimetheactiontookplaceorsincethebeginningoftheaction?PresentPerfectSimplePresentPerfectProgressivepermanentJameshaslivedinthistownfor10years.(Meaning:Heisapermanentresidentofthistown.)temporaryJameshasbeenlivinghereforayear.(Meaning:Thissituationisonlytemporary.Maybeheisanexchangestudentandonlyhereforoneortwoyears.)Permanentortemporary?Ifanactionisstillgoingonandwewanttoexpressthatitisapermanentsituation,wewouldusuallyusethePresentPerfectSimple.Fortemporarysituations,wewouldpreferthePresentPerfectProgressive.Thisisnotarule,however,onlyatendency.AddtitlesYourtextYourtextYourtextYourtextYourtextYourtext1234YourtextYourtextYourtextYourtextAddtitlesYourtextYourtextYourtextYourtextYourtextYourtext1234YourtextYourtextYourtextYourtext