大学英语写作教程1 第五单元

UnitFiveExpandedSentenceBase(1)UnitObjectives1.featuresofattributives2.typesofattributives1)pre-modifiers2)post-modifiers3.précisforshortparagraphsPartIIATTRIBUTEAwordorphrasesyntacticallysubordinatetoanotherwordorphrasethatitmodifies;forexample,mysister'sandbrownmysister'sbrowndog.ATTRIBUTIVESAwordorwordgroup,suchasanadjective,thatisplacedadjacenttothenounitmodifieswithoutalinkingverb;forexamplepalethepalegirl.2.Typesofattributives1)pre-modifiers2)post-modifiers1)Pre-modifiersThethreegood-lookingclevergirlstudentsMybrother’sfirstnovel2)Post-modifiersThestudentfromamountainvillageinRenhuacountycanspeakgoodEnglish.Allthetownpeople,oldandyoung,heardabouttheaccident.PartIIICompleteandincompletesentencesAsentenceisagroupofwordscontainingasubjectandaverbandexpressingacompletethought.Peoplesometimeshavetwobasicsentenceerrors:fragmentandrun-onsentence.SentenceFragmentsSENTENCEInthedistanceabluehazesettledovertherooftops.SENTENCEFRAGMENTInthedistanceabluehazeovertherooftopsSENTENCEFRAGMENTInthedistanceabluehazesettlINGovertherooftopsNOTEAsentencefragmentisagroupofwordswhichdoesnotexpressacompletethought.Sinceitispartofasentence,itmustnotbeallowedtostandbyitself.EXERCISE1.LivinginShaoguannearFengcaiTower.2.Hehaspaintedinmanystylesduringhislifetime.3.TheNautilus,man’sfirstatom-poweredsubmarine,remindingmeofthenovelbyjulesVerne,TwentyThousandLeaguesUndertheSea.THEPHRASEFRAGMENTAphraseshouldneverstandalone;itmustneverbeseparatedfromthesentenceinwhichitbelongs.PHRASEFRAGMENTUpstairswefoundthekitchen,thedininghall,andarecreationroom.Withawarpedbutusableping-pongtable.Upstairswefoundthekitchen,thedininghall,andarecreationroomwithawarpedbutusableping-pongtable.PHRASEFRAGMENTEverygraduatingclasshasitsmemories.Shapedbyfouryearsofconstantchangeandgrowth.Everygraduatingclasshasitsmemoriesshapedbyfouryearsofconstantchangeandgrowth.THEAPPOSITIVEFRAGMENTAnappositiveisawordorgroupofwordswhichcloselyfollowsanounorpronounandidentifiesorexplainsit.Suchawordis“inappositionwith”theworditexplains.Anappositivecanneverstandaloneasasentence;itisalwaysapartofthesentencewhichcontainstheworditexplains.APPOSITIVEFRAGMENTAtnightfallthecaravanwoundintothefabledcityofKabaka.Aclusterofruins.AtnightfallthecaravanwoundintothefabledcityofKabaka,aclusterofruins.THESUBORNATECLAUSEFRAGMENTAclauseisagroupofwordscontainingasubjectandapredicate.Asubordinateclause,however,doesnotexpressacompletethought,andthereforecannotstandalone.Itdependsuponamainclausetomakeitsmeaningcomplete.Separatedfromthemainclauseuponwhichitdepends,thesubordinateclausebecomesasentencefragment.CLAUSEFRAGMENTAuntHarriethasbegunherspringcleaning.Whichalwaysthrowsthehouseholdintoconfusion.AuntHarriethasbegunherspringCleaning,whichalwaysthrowsthehouseholdintoconfusion.ItwasthefirsttimethatIeverfelttrulyinlove.UnlessyoucountagirlnamedNancy,backinthesecondgrade.ItwasthefirsttimethatIeverfelttrulyinlove,unlessyoucountagirlnamedNancy,backinthesecondgrade.NOTEDonotseparateaphrase,anappositive,orasubordinateclausefromthesentenceofwhichitisapart.THERUN-ONSENTENCEWhentwocompletesentencesareseparatedbyacommaorarenotseparatedatall,theresultiscalleda“run-onsentence.”Thefirstsentence“runson”intothesecond.RUN-ONSENTENCEThemeetingseemedtolastforhours,nothingwasaccomplished.Wecaneliminatetheerrorbyseparatingthetwosentencescompletely,usingaperiodaspunctuaion.Themeetingseemedtolastforhours.Nothingwasaccomplished.Themeetingseemedtolastforhours;nothingwasaccomplished.Themeetingseemedtolastforhours,butnothingwasaccomplished.Themeetingseemedtolastforhoursbecausenothingwasaccomplished.Themeetingseemedtolastforhours;furthermore,nothingwasaccomplished.PARTIVWRITINGPRÉCISAsummaryoraprecisisNOTapersonalinterpretationofaworkoranexpressionofyouropinionoftheidea;itis,rather,anexactreplicainminiatureofthework,oftenreducedtoone-quartertoone-fifthofitssize,inwhichyouexpressthecompleteargument!DifferencebetweenPRÉCISandsummaryPRÉCISmeansashortpieceofwriting,especiallyonewrittenbyastudentasaformallanguageexercise,intendedtosummerizethemainpointsofalongerpieceofwritingSummarymeansawrittenorspokenstatementinwhichfactsorideasaresummarizedHowtowriteaprecis?First,youmustunderstandthecompleteworksothatyoucanabstractthecentralargumentandexpressitcogentlyandcompletely.Next,youmustdeveloptheargumentexactlyasthewriterhaspresenteditANDreducetheworkby75%-80%ofitssize.Ofcourse,thisispossiblewhenyouconsiderexactlyhowyoulearntoreadthework.Herearetherulesofthegame:1.Readthearticlemanytimesmostcarefully.2.Writeaprecisofthearticleinwhichyoustatetheentireargumentandpresentthelogicalprogression(thedevelopment)oftheargument.3.Reducethearticletoone-fifthtoone-quarterofitsoriginallengthandomitnothingfromtheessentialargument.Thisis,inreality,thekeytothewholeenterprise!4.Typetheprecisandbeginwithyourabstractionofthecentral,informingideaofthearticle.Havingunderstoodandwrittenthecentralidea,presenttheessentialargumentinascogentmanneraspossible.PARTVFOLLOW-UPEXERCISESP.72.Ex.2a.June19th,1978wastheday