英语三级语法知识

PracticalEnglishTestforColleges(LevelA)高等学校英语应用能力考试（A级）PRETCOA序号测试项目题号测试内容题型百分比时间分配Ⅰ听力理解1~15对话、会话、短文选择、填空15%15分钟Ⅱ语法结构16~35语法、词形变化选择、填空15%15分钟Ⅲ阅读理解36~60一般性及应用性文字选择、填空、匹配35%40分钟Ⅳ英译汉61~65句子、段落句子选择、段落翻译20%25分钟Ⅴ写作应用文翻译、书写15%25分钟合计65+1100%120分钟Grammar高等学校英语应用能力考试A级语法1.虚拟语气p54.时态p4314.词形转换p942.定语从句p273.状语从句p3411.倒装句p7212.强调句p798.比较级和最高级p626.分词作状语p507.分词作定语p5710.同位语p699.先行词itp6615.词组p1015.被动语态p13.动词+-ing/-todop86一虚拟语气高等学校英语应用能力考试A级语法虚拟语气虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等(在条件从句中或让步状语从句中)；一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等(在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)。虚拟语气的概念虚拟语气在条件从句中(叫虚拟条件句)，表示与事实相反的条件。分三种情况(以do为例)：一、虚拟语气在在条件从句中表示与事实情况相反条件从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式表示现在情况过去式(did)(be常用were)Would/could/might/should(用于第1人称)+动词原形(do)表示过去情况过去完成式(had+done)Would/could/might/should+havedone表示将来情况①过去式(did)(were)②should+do③weretodoWould/could/might/should+do虚拟语气1.单一虚拟[例句]1.Ifyouhadcomeafewminutesearlier,youwouldhavemethim.要是你早来几分钟的话，你就能见到他了。(与过去事实相反)2.Ifitwere(weretobe/shouldbe)sunnytomorrow,Iwouldcometoseeyou.明天要是天气好的话，我来看你。(与将来事实可能相反)3.IfIwereyou,Iwouldgonow.假如我是你的话，我现在就走。(与现在事实相反，事实上我不可能是你)虚拟语气在在条件从句中虚拟语气2、错综时间的条件句（混合虚拟）即从句与主句的动作发生的时间不同。此时，需要按时间来确定虚拟形式。如：1.Iftheyhadstudiedhard,theycoulddoiteasilynow.如果他们以前努力学习的话，现在干的就会容易些。2.Ifhehadnottakenmyadvice,hewouldn'tdoitmuchbetterlikethis.如果他不听取我的建议，他就不会干得这样好。虚拟语气在在条件从句中虚拟语气3.含蓄虚拟（butfor,otherwise,but）①butforthestorm,hewouldhavearrivedearlier.②Ihadgotacoldyesterday;otherwiseIwouldhavegone.虚拟语气在在条件从句中虚拟语气4、were,had,should提前，省略if当从句中有were,had或should时，可省略if，而把它们放在句首。IfIweretomeethimtomorrow,Ishouldaskhimaboutit.WereItomeethimtomorrow,…Ifheshouldfailintheexperimentthistime,hewouldtryagain.Shouldhefailintheexperiment…Ifyouhadcomeafewminutesearlier,youwouldhavemethim.虚拟语气在在条件从句中Hadyoucomeafew….虚拟语气㈠从句用should类型，基本上都省略should，直接用v原形1、表命令、要求、建议、坚持等意愿的a,n,v之后v.建议(suggest,advice,propose,recommend)，要求(demand,request,require,insist),命令(order,command)n.Insistence,suggestion,order,proposal,demand,requirement,a.It’ssuggested/ordered/insistedthat…（should）do二、特殊句式中的虚拟语气虚拟语气2、itis＋a＋that…should＋v原形（主语从句）①（natural,necessary,strange,important,surprising…）②（apity,ashame,nowonder）[例句]1.It’snecessarythatweshouldhaveawalknow.我们有必要出去散散步。2.It’snaturalthatsheshoulddoso.她这样做是很自然的。3.It’simportantthatweshouldtakegoodcareofthepatient.重要的是我们要照顾好病人。二、特殊句式中的虚拟语气虚拟语气3.lest,forfearthat,incase,后接（should）＋V原形（二）wish和asif/asthough….wish/asif/asthough…..＋did现在＋haddone过去＋would/should/could/might/do将来二、特殊句式中的虚拟语气虚拟语气eg.①HowIwishIcouldlivelonger.②IwishedIhadn’tbeendrivingtoofastyesterday.③theyweretalkingasiftheyhadbeenfriendsformanyyears.④helookedatmeasthoughheweremyfather.二、特殊句式中的虚拟语气虚拟语气（三）1.itishigh/abouttimethat＋过去式“到…的时间”eg.Itishightimethatyouwenttobed.二、特殊句式中的虚拟语气虚拟语气2.….would(had)rather/wouldsoonerthat＋一般过去时现在或将来宁愿….过去完成时过去当从句表示现在或将来的时间时,谓语动词要用一般过去时;表示过去时间时,谓语动词要用过去完成时。Iwouldratheryoucametomorrowthantoday.Iwouldratherthatwehadnoexams.虚拟语气在：在宾语从句中虚拟语气3.Ifonly引导从句中表“但愿”，“要是…就好了”①ifonlyIhadmoretimetothinkaboutit.过去时表示一种意愿或假设（现在）①Ifonlyhewouldnoteatsomuchchocolate.would＋v原表示一种很难实现的愿望（将来）①Ifonlyhehadtakenmyadviceyearsago.过去完成时表示希望与过去事实相反的情况（过去）二、特殊句式中的虚拟语气1.IfiwerethemayorofBeijing,Iwouldtryto___﹝solve﹞theproblemoftransportation.2.Ifyouhadattendedthemeetingyesterday,you﹝see﹞Jack.3.Iftheyweretodotheexperimentanotherway,they﹝find﹞theanswer.虚拟语气Exercises4.Ifnothinghadbeendoneabouteducation,there﹝be﹞nohopeinthefuture.5.IfIwereyou,I﹝go﹞tothefilmlastnight.6.Butforthestorm,he﹝arrive﹞earlier.虚拟语气Exercises7.Wereittoraintomorrow,thecrops﹝save﹞.8.IwishedI﹝go﹞there.9.Itishightimethatyou﹝go﹞tobed.10.I’dratherthatwe﹝have﹞noEnglishexams.虚拟语气Exercises11.Itismostdesirablethathefortheinformationbyhimselfwithafewclicksonline.A.searchB.searchedC.hassearchedD.willsearch12.Therepresentativeofthecompanydemandedthatthepartoftheagreementrevised.A.willbeB.isC.tobeD.be虚拟语气Exercises13.Theboypassedthefinalexams.Butifhehadspentmoretimeonthem,theresults﹝be﹞muchbetter.14.Hemighthavebeenkilledinthatcaraccidentyesterdayifhe﹝take﹞partintheactivitywithteam.虚拟语气Exercises15.hewasseriouslyill;Iwouldn’thavetoldhimthetruth.A.IfIknewB.IfIknowC.HadIknownD.DidIknow16.Itisimportantthathe﹝be﹞calledbackimmediately.虚拟语气Exercises17.Wecouldnothavefulfilledthetaskintimeifitfortheirhelp.A.wasnotB.isnotC.hadnotbeenD.hasnotbeen18.Franklyspeaking,I’dratheryou_________﹝say﹞nothingaboutitforthetimebeing.虚拟语气Exercises19.lastFriday,hewouldhavegottoParis.A.WouldheleaveB.HadheleftC.IfheistoleaveD.Ifhewasleaving20.Moreandmorepeoplewishtheyinthecountrysideinsteadoflivinginthecity.A.werelivingB.wouldliveC.wouldhavelivedD.beliving虚拟语气Exercises二定语从句高等学校英语应用能力考试A级语法高等学校英语应用能力考试A级语法定语从句的分类限制性关系分句非限制性关系分句1限制性关系分句和它的先行项的所指意义有着不可分割的联系，缺少了它，作为先行项的名词（词组）便不能明确表示其所指对象。非限制性关系分句和它的先行项之间只有比较松散的联系，因此，如果省略一个非限制性关系分句，并不影响先行项的所指意义。2在口语中前后没有停顿，在书写中通常不用逗号。在口语中有停顿，在书写中常用逗号隔开。3Hereistheboywhodamagedthevase.Mycousin,whoisanengineer,wenttoEuropelastweek.高等学校英语应用能力考试A级语法限制性关系分句非限制性关系分句指人指物指人指物作主语whothatwhichthatwho/whom/whosewhich作宾语whom/who/that/zerowhich/that/zero作介词补足成分whomwhich定语从句中关系代词的选择成分关系代词高等学校英语应用能力考试A级语法定语从句中关系副词的选择1.when表示时间2.