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第一讲重要的化学方程式一、常考易错的化学方程式(补全反应,注意写上反应条件)1.2Na+O2Na2O22.2Na2O2+2H2O4NaOH+O2↑3.2Na2O2+2CO22Na2CO3+O24.(侯德榜制碱原理)5.Na2CO3+CO2+H2O2NaHCO36.3Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H2(g)7.Fe3O4+4CO3Fe+4CO28.2Al+Fe2O3Al2O3+2Fe9.2Fe+3Cl22FeCl310.3Fe+2O2Fe3O411.4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O4Fe(OH)312.2Fe(OH)3Fe2O3+3H2O13.2Ca(OH)2(消石灰)+2Cl2Ca(ClO)2+CaCl2+2H2O(工业制漂白粉)14.(漂白粉失效)15.2F2+2H2O4HF+O216.S+FeFeS17.FeS+2HClFeCl2+H2S↑18.2H2S+SO22H2O+3S↓19.(工业制硫酸)20.2H2SO3+O22H2SO421.Cu+2H2SO4(浓)CuSO4+SO2↑+2H2O22.C+2H2SO4(浓)CO2↑+2SO2↑+2H2O23.H2S+CuSO4CuS↓+H2SO424.N2+3H22NH3(工业合成氨)25.2NH4Cl+Ca(OH)2CaCl2+2NH3↑+2H2O(实验室制取NH3)(工业制硝酸)27.N2+O22NO28.SiO2+2NaOHNa2SiO3+H2O29.Si+4HFSiF4↑+2H2↑30.SiO2+4HFSiF4↑+2H2O(雕刻玻璃)31.(工业制玻璃)32.2C+SiO2Si+2CO↑(制硅)33.H2SiO3SiO2+H2O34.2Mg+CO22MgO+C二、常考易错的离子方程式(补全反应)1.2Na+2H2O2Na++2OH-+H2↑2.2OH-+CO2(少量)C2-3O+H2OOH-+CO2(过量)HC-3O3.2Na++C2-3O+H2O+CO22NaHCO3↓(饱和Na2CO3溶液中通入CO2)4.HC-3O+OH-C2-3O+H2O5.HC-3O(少量)+Ca2++OH-CaCO3↓+H2O2HC-3O(过量)+Ca2++2OH-CaCO3↓+2H2O+C2-3O6.N4H+HC-3O+2OH-(过量)NH3·H2O+C2-3O+H2O7.2Al+2OH-+2H2O2Al-2O+3H2↑8.Al2O3+6H+2Al3++3H2O9.Al2O3+2OH-2Al-2O+H2O10.Al(OH)3+3H+Al3++3H2O11.Al(OH)3+OH-Al-2O+2H2O12.Al3++3NH3·H2OAl(OH)3↓+3N4H13.Al3++3OH-(少量)Al(OH)3↓Al3++4OH-(过量)Al-2O+2H2O14.2Al-2O+CO2(少量)+3H2O2Al(OH)3↓+C2-3OAl-2O+CO2(过量)+2H2OAl(OH)3↓+HC-3O15.3Al-2O+Al3++6H2O4Al(OH)3↓16.Al3++3HC-3OAl(OH)3↓+3CO2↑(泡沫灭火器工作原理)17.Al3++3H2OAl(OH)3(胶体)+3H+(明矾净水原理)18.向明矾溶液中加入过量Ba(OH)2溶液:Al3++2S2-4O+2Ba2++4OH-Al-2O+2H2O+2BaSO4↓19.Fe+2H+Fe2++H2↑20.FeO+2H+Fe2++H2O21.3FeO+10H++N-3O3Fe3++NO↑+5H2O22.2Fe2++Cl22Fe3++2Cl-23.2Fe2++H2O2+2H+2Fe3++2H2O24.2Fe3++Fe3Fe2+25.2Fe3++CuCu2++2Fe2+26.4Fe2++O2+4H+4Fe3++2H2O(FeSO4溶液在空气中变质)27.2Fe3++H2SS↓+2Fe2++2H+28.Cl2+2I-2Cl-+I229.MnO2+4H++2Cl-(浓)Mn2++Cl2↑+2H2O(实验室制Cl2)30.Cl2+H2OH++Cl-+HClO31.Cl2+2OH-Cl-+ClO-+H2O(尾气处理)32.Cl2+SO2+2H2O4H++2Cl-+S2-4O33.2Fe2++Cl22Fe3++2Cl-(FeBr2与少量Cl2)2Fe2++4Br-+3Cl22Fe3++2Br2+6Cl-(FeBr2与过量Cl2)2Fe2++2Br-+2Cl22Fe3++Br2+4Cl-(FeBr2与等量Cl2)34.2I-+Cl2I2+2Cl-(FeI2与少量Cl2)2Fe2++4I-+3Cl22Fe3++2I2+6Cl-(FeI2与过量Cl2)35.I2+SO2+2H2O2I-+S2-4O+4H+36.Cu+4H++2N-3O(浓)Cu2++2NO2↑+2H2O37.3Cu+8H++2N-3O(稀)3Cu2++2NO↑+4H2O38.Fe(少量)+4H++N-3O(稀)Fe3++NO↑+2H2O3Fe(过量)+8H++2N-3O(稀)3Fe2++2NO↑+4H2O39.Si2-3O+2H+H2SiO3↓40.Si2-3O+CO2(少量)+H2OH2SiO3↓+C2-3OSi2-3O+2CO2(过量)+2H2OH2SiO3↓+2HC-3O41.SO2(少量)+2NH3·H2OS2-3O+2N4H+H2OSO2(过量)+NH3·H2ON4H+HS-3O42.2Mn-4O+5SO2+2H2O2Mn2++5S2-4O+4H+(SO2使酸性KMnO4溶液褪色)43.Cu2++S2-4O+Ba2++2OH-Cu(OH)2↓+BaSO4↓44.2CH3COOH+CaCO3Ca2++2CH3COO-+H2O+CO2↑45.2AgCl+S2-Ag2S+2Cl-46.Ag++2NH3·H2O(过量)\[Ag(NH3)2\]++2H2O47.C6H5O-+CO2(少量)+H2OC6H5OH+HC-3O48.CH3CHO+2Cu(OH)2+OH-CH3COO-+Cu2O↓+3H2O49.CH3CHO+2\[Ag(NH3)2\]++2OH-CH3COO-+N4H+2Ag↓+3NH3+H2O三、电解反应式或电化学方程式1.用惰性电极电解饱和食盐水阴极:2H2O+2e-H2↑+2OH-阳极:2Cl--2e-Cl2↑总反应:2Cl-+2H2O2OH-+Cl2↑+H2↑2.用铜作电极电解饱和食盐水阴极:2H2O+2e-H2↑+2OH-阳极:Cu-2e-Cu2+总反应:Cu+2H2OCu(OH)2+H2↑3.用惰性电极电解MgCl2溶液阴极:2H2O+Mg2++2e-H2↑+Mg(OH)2↓阳极:2Cl--2e-Cl2↑总反应:Mg2++2Cl-+2H2OMg(OH)2↓+H2↑+Cl2↑4.用惰性电极电解AlCl3溶液阴极:6H2O+6e-+2Al3+3H2↑+2Al(OH)3↓阳极:6Cl--6e-3Cl2↑总反应:2Al3++6Cl-+6H2O2Al(OH)3↓+3H2↑+3Cl2↑5.用惰性电极电解K2S溶液阴极:2H2O+2e-H2↑+2OH-阳极:S2--2e-S↓总反应:S2-+2H2O2OH-+H2↑+S↓6.用惰性电极电解CuSO4溶液阴极:2Cu2++4e-2Cu阳极:2H2O-4e-O2↑+4H+总反应:2Cu2++2H2O2Cu+O2↑+4H+7.用惰性电极电解AgNO3溶液阴极:4Ag++4e-4Ag阳极:2H2O-4e-O2↑+4H+总反应:4Ag++2H2O4Ag+O2↑+4H+8.电解熔融的NaCl制Na阴极:2Na++2e-2Na阳极:2Cl--2e-Cl2↑总反应:2NaCl(熔融)2Na+Cl2↑9.电解熔融的MgCl2制Mg阴极:Mg2++2e-Mg阳极:2Cl--2e-Cl2↑总反应:MgCl2(熔融)Mg+Cl2↑10.电解熔融的Al2O3制铝阴极:4Al3++12e-4Al阳极:6O2--12e-3O2↑总反应:2Al2O3(熔融)4Al+3O2↑11.Zn-Cu(H2SO4)(原电池)Zn极(-):Zn-2e-Zn2+(氧化反应)Cu极(+):2H++2e-H2↑(还原反应)总反应:Zn+2H+Zn2++H2↑12.铅蓄电池:Pb-PbO2(硫酸)放电Pb极(-):Pb(s)+S2-4O(aq)-2e-PbSO4(s)(氧化反应)PbO2极(+):PbO2(s)+S2-4O(aq)+4H+(aq)+2e-PbSO4(s)+2H2O(l)(还原反应)总反应:Pb(s)+PbO2(s)+2H2SO4(aq)2PbSO4(s)+2H2O(l)充电Pb极(阴极):PbSO4(s)+2e-Pb(s)+S2-4O(aq)(还原反应)PbO2极(阳极):PbSO4(s)+2H2O(l)-2e-PbO2(s)+S2-4O(aq)+4H+(aq)(氧化反应)总反应:2PbSO4(s)+2H2O(l)Pb(s)+PbO2(s)+2H2SO4(aq)13.氢氧燃料电池负极正极14.甲醇-氧气燃料电池(1)酸作介质负极:2CH3OH+2H2O-12e-2CO2↑+12H+正极:3O2+12e-+12H+6H2O总反应:2CH3OH+3O22CO2+4H2O(2)碱作介质负极:2CH3OH+16OH--12e-2C2-3O+12H2O正极:3O2+12e-+6H2O12OH-总反应:2CH3OH+4OH-+3O22C2-3O+6H2O(3)熔融的金属氧化物作介质负极:2CH3OH+6O2--12e-2CO2↑+4H2O正极:3O2+12e-6O2-总反应:2CH3OH+3O22CO2+4H2O(4)熔融的碳酸盐作介质负极:2CH3OH+6C2-3O-12e-8CO2↑+4H2O正极:3O2+6CO2+12e-6C2-3O总反应:2CH3OH+3O22CO2+4H2O四、有机反应的化学方程式写出下列转化中的化学方程式(1)CH2CH2+H2CH3CH3;(2)CH3CH3+Br2CH3CH2Br+HBr;(3)(4)CH≡CH+H2CH2CH2;(5)CaC2+2H2OCa(OH)2+C2H2↑;(6)CH≡CH+HClCH2CHCl;(7)CH≡CH+2Br2CHBr2CHBr2;(8)(9)+Br2+HBr;(10)+HNO3+H2O;(11)2CH3CH2OH+O22CH3CHO+2H2O;(12)CH3CHO+H2CH3CH2OH;(13)2CH3CHO+O22CH3COOH;(14)CH3CH2OH+CH3COOHCH3COOCH2CH3+H2O;(15)CH3CH2OH+HBrCH3CH2Br+H2O;(16)CH3CH2Br+NaOHCH3CH2OH+NaBr;(17)CH2CH2+H2OCH3CH2OH;(18)CH3CH2OHCH2CH2↑+H2O;(19)CH3CH2Br+NaOHCH2CH2↑+NaBr+H2O;(20)CH2CH2+HBrCH3CH2Br;(21)CH2CH2+Br2;(22)+2NaOH+2NaBr;(23)+O2+2H2O;(24)+O2;(25)++2H2O;(26)2+2H2O;(27)n+(n-1)H2O;(28)
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