戴炜栋语言学名词解释

Chapter1:Introduction1.Linguistics:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.generallinguistics:Thestudyoflanguageasawhole.3.appliedlinguistics:theapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprinciplestolanguageteaching,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.4.prescriptive:Iflinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,,itissaidtobeprescriptive.(i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldandshouldnotsay).5.descriptive:Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive.(09C)6.synchronicstudy:Thedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy.(06C/04)7.diachronicstudy:It’sahistoricalstudyoflanguage,itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.(06C)8.langue:Langereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.9.parole:Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.10.competence:Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.（08F/09C）linguisticcompetence:universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulescomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeaker.competence有什么区别？？11.performance:Theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.12.language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.13.designfeatures:Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.14.arbitrariness:Arbitrarinessreferstothereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.(08C)15.productivity:Languageiscreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyit’susers.16.duality（doublearticulation）:Languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,withlowerleverofsound,whichismeaningless,andhigherleverofmeaning.17.displacement:Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeaker.(regardlessoftimeorspace)(04)18.culturaltransmission:Thecapacityforlanguageisgeneticallybasedwhilethedetailsofanylanguagesystemhavetobetaughtandlearned.(Languageisculturallytransmittedratherthanbyinstinct).19.Sociolinguistics:thestudyofallsocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyfromthecoreofthebranch.20.Psycholinguistics:thestudyoflanguageprocessing,comprehendingandproduction,aswellaslanguageacquisition.21.communicativecompetence:theabilitytouselanguageappropriatelyinsocialsituations.Chapter2:Phonology1.phonicmedium:Thelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationconstitutethephoneticmediumoflanguage.(andtheindividualsoundswithinthisrangearespeechsounds)2.phonetics:Thestudyofphonicmediumoflanguageanditisconcernedwithallsoundsintheworld’slanguages.(06C)3.articulatoryphonetics:Itstudiessoundsfromthespeaker’spointofview,i.e.howaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds.(03)4.auditoryphonetics:Thestudiessoundsfromthehearer’spointofview,i.e.howthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.5.acousticphonetics:Itstudiesthephysicalpropertiesofthestreamofsoundswhichthespeakerissues.或者Itstudiesthewaysoundstravelbylookingatthesoundwaves,thephysicalmeansbywhichsoundsaretransimittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother)6.voicing:thewaythatsoundsareproducedwiththevibrationofthevocalcords.7.voiceless:thewaythatsoundsareproducedwithnovibrationofthevocalcords.8.broadtranscription:Theuseoflettersymbolsonlytoshowthesoundsorsoundssequencesinwrittenform.9.narrowtranscription:Theuseoflettersymbol,togetherwiththediacriticstoshowsoundsinwrittenform.10.diacritics:Thesymbolsusedtoshowdetailedarticulatoryfeaturesofsounds.11.IPA:shortforInternationalPhoneticAlphabets,asystemofsymbolsconsistsoflettersanddiacritics,usedtorepresentthepronunciationofwordsinanylanguage.12.aspiration:Alittlepuffofairthatsometimesfollowsaspeechsound.13.mannerofarticulation:Themannerinwhichobstructioniscreated.14.placeofarticulation:Theplacewhereobstructioniscreated.15.consonant:aspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamisobstructedinonewayoranother.16.vowel:aspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamfromthelungmeetswithnoobstruction.17.monophthong:theindividualvowel.18.diphthong:Thevowelwhichconsistsoftwoindividualvowelsandareproducedbymovingonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.(08F)19.phone:Aphoneticunit,thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.20.phoneme:Anabstractphonologicalunitthatisofdistinctivevalue;it’srepresentedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.(06F/04)或者Thesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwosounds.21.allophone:thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentthesamephonemeindifferentphoneticenviromentsarecalledallophonesofthatphoneme(07C/05)22.phonology:Thedescriptionofsoundsystemsofparticularlanguagesandhowsoundsformpatternsandfunctiontodistinguishandconveymeaning.(06C)23.phonemiccontrast:twophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning,theyformphonemiccontrast.24.complementarydistribution:allophonesofthesamephonemeandtheydon’tdistinguishmeaningbutcomplementeachotherindistribution.25.minimalpair:twodifferentformsareidenticalineverywaye