词汇学Lecture_4_构词法

WordFormationContentsofthislectureⅠ.Affixation(Prefixation,Suffixation)Ⅱ.CompoundingⅢ.ConversionⅣ.BlendigⅤ.ClippingⅥ.Acronymy(Initialisms,Acronyms)Ⅶ.Back-formationⅧ.WordsformProperNames1.Prefixation(1)Negativeprefix“a”“ab”:atypical非典型性的，abnormal非正常的；abuse滥用、错误使用、虐待“dis”：disadvantage缺点、dishonorable不光彩的、disagree不同意、disappear消失、disarm解除武装、disconnect失去联系“in”:incorrect不正确的、inability无能无力、inaccurate不准确的等；“non”:non-existence不存在、non-essential不主要的、non-electrical非电的；“un”:unfinished未完成的、undoubted你“il”：illegal非法的、illiterate文盲的、illogical不合逻辑的；“im”:impossible不可能的、impolite不礼貌的“ir”：irregular不稳定的、irresistable不可抵抗的、irresolvable不能分解的不能解决的Ⅰ.Affixation2.Reversativeprefixes:de-加在名词、形容词前，常见的例词有decrease减少，deteriorate恶化，demobilize遣散使…复员、decolor脱色漂白“dis”主要加在名词、形容词，动词之前，dis-为否定前缀的词有：disadvantage缺点、dishonorable不光彩的、disaGREe不同意、disappear消失、disarm解除武装、disconnect失去联系“un”主要放于名词，形容词，副词前面，常见的例子有unfinished未完成的、undoubted无疑的、unemployment失业3.Pejorativeprefixes“mal-”主要加在形容词名词之前，例如malfunction功能紊乱，malicious恶意的；“mis-”加在动词、名词前，例词misunderstand误解、misjudge误判、misleading误导、misfortune不幸“pseudo-”pseudonym(假名),pseudoscience4.Prefixesofdegreeorsize:“arch-”,表示“首位，第一的，主要的”architect,archbishop“extra-”,表示“额外”extraction（提取）“hyper-”表示“超过，极度”hypersonic(超声波),hypertesion(高血压)“macro-”,表示“大，宏大”macroscopic(宏观)“micro-”,表示“微”microscopemicrovolt(微伏特)“over-”,表示“在上面，在外部，向上”overlook,overhead,overboard“out-”,表示“在上面，在外部，在外”outline,outside,outward5.Prefixesoforientationandattidute“anti-”加在名词、形容词前边。最常见的是anti-Japanese抗日战争、anti-social厌恶社会的反社会的、antidite解毒的药“counter-”加在名词、动词前，例如：counterstrike反击、counteract抵抗阻碍、counterrevolution反革命“contra”-,“contre-”,“contro-”表示相反，相互对立意思contradiction,controflow(逆流)“pro-,”表示“在前，向前”progress,proceed6.Locativeprefixes“extra-”,表示“额外”extraction（提取）“fore-”表示“在前面”forehead,foreground“inter-”,intel-”,表示“在……间，相互”international,interaction,internet“trans-”,表示“横过，贯通”transparent,transmit,transport“tele-”,表示“远离”television,telephone7Pprefixesoftimeandorder.ex-,表示“先，故，旧”expresident,exhusband“fore-”,表示“在前面，先前，前面”foreward,dorecast,foretell(预言)“post-”表示“在后，后”postwar“pre-,”pri-”,表示“在前，事先，预先”preheat,prewar,prehistory“re-”,表示“再一次，重新”retell,rewrite8.Numberprefixes“bi”-,表示“二，两，双”bicycle,“multi”表示许多，复，多数”multipmetre(万用表)“semi-”,表示“半，一半”semiconductor,semitransparent“uni”表示“单一”，“一”uniform,unicellular(单细胞)9.Miscellaneousprefixes“vice-”表示“副，次”vicepresident,vicechairman“auto-”,表示“自己，独立，自动”automobile,autobiography“pan-”全，泛pantheism泛神论“neo-”新neoimpressionism新印象派2.Suffixation常用后名词后缀1.名词后缀a.表示具体名词的后缀：-er如：teacher,worker,Londoner,southerner（南方人）-or如：actor,visitorinstructor-ee如：addressee（收信人）,refugee（难民）,employee（雇员）-eer如：engineer,mountaineer（登山运动员）-ant如：assistant,inhabitant（居民）-ist如：typist,communist,leftist（左翼的人）-ian,-an如：musician,physician,republican（共和主义者）-ess（表示阴性），如：actress,waitress,lioness,tigressb.表示抽象名词的后缀：-ness如：carefulness,happiness,goodness-ment如：argument,movement,punishment-ure如：failure,pressure,departure-ing如：feeling,building,opening-al如：arrival,refusal,approval-age如：marriage,shortage,baggage-ism如：communism,socialism,heroism（英雄主义）-ship如：friendship,leadership,hardship-dom如：freedom,wisdom,kingdom-hood如：childhood,neighborhood,boyhood（少年）-(i)ty如：activity,equality,safety2.动词后缀-en如：shorten,sharpen,lengthen-ify如：beautify,purify,simplify-ize如：realize,modernize，apologize-ate如：stimulate，translate，communicate3.形容词后缀a.Denominalsuffixes(由名词而来的)词根是名词-able如：comfortable,unbreakable,drinkable-ful如：awful,beautiful,careful-ic,-ical如：organic,Pacific,physical-less如：stainless,careless,useless-y如：snowy,sleepy,curly-ive如：active,collective,impressiveb.Deverbalsuffixes(由动词而来的)词根是动词-en如：golden,wooden,earthen-ed如：gifted,colored,cultured-al如：natural,professional,original-like如：manlike,womanlike,homelike-ish如：childish,bookish,foolish-ous如：dangerous,famous,courageous4.副词后缀-ly如：slowly,quickly,heavily-ward(s)如：backward(s),downward(s),eastward(s)-ways如：always，sideways((斜)向一边;向旁边)-wise如：otherwise，clockwise（顺时针方向的;右旋的）Ⅱ.Compounding1).NouncompoundsN+n:moonwork(夜行),endproduct(成品)，staff-room(教员室)N+v:toothache(牙痛),frostbite(冻伤)V+n:crybaby(爱哭的人),tell-tale(告密的人)，A+n:deadline(截止),blueprint(蓝图),N+V-ing:brainwashing(洗脑),air-conditioning(空调)V-ing+n:cleaninglady(清洁工),wadingbird(涉水鸟)N+V-er:stockholder,crimereporter(犯罪报道人)，Adj+v:outbreak,downfall(衰落)V+adv:sit-in(静坐),teach-in,have-notV-ing+adv:going-over(审查),carryings-on(喧闹)Adv+v-ing:up-bringing2).AdjectivecompoundsN+V-ing:law-abiding(守法),record-breaking(打破记录)Adj+V-ing:easy-going,high-soundingN+adj:warweary(厌倦),thread-bareAdj+adj:deaf-mute(聋哑),bitter-sweetN+V-ed:custom-built(定制),town-bred(养育)Adv+v-ed:far-fetched(牵强),hard-won(来之不易)N(adj)+n-ed:short-sighted(近视),lion-heartedNum+n:five-storey(五层),four-leg,three-year,five-meterNum+n-ed:one-eyed,two-legged,Adv+v-ing:forth-coming(即将到来),washed-upV-ed+adv:worn-out,washed-up,break-out3)VerbcompoundsThroughconversion(转换):Lunch(n.)tolunch(吃午饭)Honeymoon(n.)tohoneymoon(度蜜月)Moonlight(n.)tomoonlight(在夜光下行走)First-nametofirst-name(起名字)Throughbackformation(去后缀)--------back-formedverbcompoundsareformedmainlybydroppingthesuffixes:-er,-ing,-ion,etc