ASTMD1894

Designation:D1894–99AnAmericanNationalStandardStandardTestMethodforStaticandKineticCoefficientsofFrictionofPlasticFilmandSheeting1ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD1894;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginaladoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(e)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.ThisstandardhasbeenapprovedforusebyagenciesoftheDepartmentofDefense.1.Scope*1.1Thistestmethodcoversdeterminationofthecoefficientsofstartingandslidingfrictionofplasticfilmandsheetingwhenslidingoveritselforothersubstancesatspecifiedtestcondi-tions.Theprocedurepermitstheuseofastationarysledwithamovingplane,oramovingsledwithastationaryplane.Bothproceduresyieldthesamecoefficientsoffrictionvaluesforagivensample.NOTE1—Forthefrictionalcharacteristicsofplasticfilmspartiallywrappedaroundacylinder,orcapstan,seeTestMethodG143underthejurisdictionofASTMSubcommitteeG02.50.1.2Testdataobtainedbythistestmethodisrelevantandappropriateforuseinengineeringdesign.1.3ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasthestandard.Thevaluesgiveninparenthesesareforinformationonly.1.4Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappro-priatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplica-bilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.Foraspecificprecautionarystatement,seeNote6.NOTE2—ThistestmethodandISO/DIS8295–1994arenottechnicallyequivalent.2.ReferencedDocuments2.1ASTMStandards:D618PracticeforConditioningPlasticsandElectricalInsulatingMaterialsforTesting2D883TerminologyRelatingtoPlastics2D3574MethodsofTestingFlexibleCellularMaterials—Slab,Bonded,andMoldedUrethaneFoams3D4000ClassificationSystemforspecifyingPlasticMate-rials4E691PracticeforConductinganInterlaboratoryStudytoDeterminethePrecisionofaTestMethod5G143TestMethodforMeasurementofWeb/RollerFric-tionCharacteristics62.2ISO/DISStandard:ISO/DIS8295–199473.Terminology3.1Definitions:3.1.1coeffıcientoffriction—theratioofthefrictionalforce,3.1.2,totheforce,usuallygravitational,actingperpendiculartothetwosurfacesincontact.Thiscoefficientisameasureoftherelativedifficultywithwhichthesurfaceofonematerialwillslideoveranadjoiningsurfaceofitself,orofanothermaterial.Thestaticorstartingcoefficientoffriction(μs)isrelatedtotheforcemeasuredtobeginmovementofthesurfacesrelativetoeachother.Thekineticorslidingcoefficientoffriction(μk)isrelatedtotheforcemeasuredinsustainingthismovement.3.1.2friction—theresistingforcethatariseswhenasurfaceofonesubstanceslides,ortendstoslide,overanadjoiningsurfaceofitselforanothersubstance.Betweensurfacesofsolidsincontacttheremaybetwokindsoffriction:(1)theresistanceopposingtheforcerequiredtostarttomoveonesurfaceoveranother,and(2)theresistanceopposingtheforcerequiredtomoveonesurfaceoveranotheratavariable,fixed,orpredeterminedspeed.3.1.3slip—atermdenotinglubricityoftwosurfacesslidingincontactwitheachother.Inasense,itistheantithesisoffrictioninthathighcoefficientoffrictiondenoteslowslipandlowcoefficientoffrictionhighslip.4.SignificanceandUse4.1Measurementsoffrictionalpropertiesmaybemadeonafilmorsheetingspecimenwhenslidingoveritselforoveranothersubstance.Thecoefficientsoffrictionarerelatedtotheslippropertiesofplasticfilmsthatareofwideinterestinpackagingapplications.Thesemethodsyieldempiricaldataforcontrolpurposesinfilmproduction.Correlationoftestresultswithactualperformancecanusuallybeestablished.1ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD-20onPlasticsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD20.10onMechanicalProperties.CurrenteditionapprovedAug.10,1999.PublishedAugust1999.OriginallypublishedasD1894–61T.LastpreviouseditionD1894–95e1.2AnnualBookofASTMStandards,Vol08.01.3AnnualBookofASTMStandards,Vol09.02.4AnnualBookofASTMStandards,Vol08.02.5AnnualBookofASTMStandards,Vol14.02.6AnnualBookofASTMStandards,Vol03.02.7AvailablefromAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute,11W.42ndSt.,13thFloor,NewYork,NY10036.1*ASummaryofChangessectionappearsattheendofthisstandard.Copyright©ASTM,100BarrHarborDrive,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959,UnitedStates.4.2Slippropertiesaregeneratedbyadditivesinsomeplasticfilms,forexample,polyethylene.Theseadditiveshavevaryingdegreesofcompatibilitywiththefilmmatrix.Someofthembloom,orexudetothesurface,lubricatingitandmakingitmoreslippery.Becausethisbloomingactionmaynotalwaysbeuniformonallareasofthefilmsurface,valuesfromthesetestsmaybelimitedinreproducibility.4.3Thefrictionalpropertiesofplasticfilmandsheetingmaybedependentontheuniformityoftherateofmotionbetweenthetwosurfaces.Careshouldbeexercisedtoensurethattherateofmotionoftheequipmentisascarefullycontrolledaspossible.4.4Dataobtainedbytheseproceduresmaybeextremelysensitivetotheageofthefilmorsheetandtheconditionofthesurfaces.Thebloomingactionofmanyslipadditivesistime-dependent.Forthisreason,itissometimesmeaninglesstocompareslipandfrictionpropertiesoffilmsorsheetsproducedatdifferenttimes,unlessitisdesiredtostudythiseffect.4.5Fr