高中英语语法(2)-被动语态

第1页共26页第二章被动语态语态也是动词的一种形式，表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态：主动语态(activevoice)和被动语态(passivevoice)。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，而被动语态则表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。一、被动语态的构成被动语态是由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成，如果有必要强调动作的执行者，动作执行者可以由介词by引出的短语表示。助动词be随主语的人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化。A.十种常见时态的被动语态1.一般现在时主动语态：do被动语态：amisaredoneWecleantheclassroomeveryday.我们每天打扫教室。Theclassroomiscleanedbyuseveryday.教室每天都由我们打扫。Suchsongsareusuallysungbygirls.这些歌通常是女孩子们唱的。Russianisnottaughtinourschool.我们学校不教俄语。Aremanygoodsshippedabroadeveryday每天都有许多货物运往国外吗2.一般过去时主动语态：did被动语态：wasweredoneWecleanedtheclassroomyesterday.昨天我们打扫了教室。第2页共26页Theclassroomwascleanedbyusyesterday.昨天教室被我们打扫了。Thewindowwasbrokenbymyson.窗子是我儿子打破的。Weremanytreesplantedonthehillyesterday昨天山上种了许多树吗？Howmuchmoneywasstoleninall一共被偷了多少钱？3.一般将来时主动语态：willshalldo被动语态：willshallbedoneWewillcleantheclassroomsoon.我们很快要打扫教室。Theclassroomwillbecleanedsoon.教室很快要被打扫了。Theworkwillbedoneimmediately.这工作将马上做。Willtheschoolsportsmeetingbeheldnextweek？校运动会将在下星期举行吗？WhenshallwebegivenalectureontheInternet什么时候给我们作有关因特网的讲座？4.一般过去将来时主动语态：woulddo被动语态：wouldbedoneWetoldhimthatwewouldcleantheclassroomsoon.我们告诉他我们马上就打扫教室。Wetoldhimthattheclassroomwouldbecleanedsoon.我们告诉他教室很快就会被打扫的。Hesaidthatanewtradecenterwouldbebuiltinthecentreofthecity.他说一个新的贸易中心将在市中心建起来。第3页共26页Sheaskedwhethertheirplanwouldbeconsideredwithgreatcare.她问他们的计划会不会得到仔细的考虑。Iwasn'ttoldthatIshouldbeinvitedtotheparty.没人告诉我要被邀请出席晚会。5.现在进行时主动语态：amisaredoing被动语态：amisarebeingdoneWearecleaningtheclassroomnow.我们现在正在打扫教室。Theclassroomisbeingcleanednow.教室现在正在被打扫。Ahospitalisbeingbuiltinthecentreofthetown.镇中心正在兴建一家医院。Arethebabiesbeingtakencareofbythisnurse这些婴儿正由这个护士照看吗？Howisthenewteachingmethodbeingtriedthere那里是怎样试行这种新教学方法的？6.过去进行时主动语态：wasweredoing被动语态：waswerebeingdoneWewerecleaningtheclassroomthistimeyesterday.昨天这个时候我们在打扫教室。Theclassroomwasbeingcleanedthistimeyesterday.昨天这个时候教室正在被打扫Theteachingplanwasbeingdiscussedatthattime.那时正在讨论教学计划。WastheTVsetbeingfixedthistimeyesterday昨天这个时候电视机正在被修理吗？Thehousewasbeingpaintedwhenwearrivedathishome.我们到他家时，他家第4页共26页房子正在粉刷。7.现在完成时主动语态：hashavedone被动语态：hashavebeendoneTheclassroomlookstidy.Wehavecleanedit.教室看起来很整洁。我们已经打扫了。Theclassroomlookstidy.Ithasbeencleaned.教室看起来很整洁。它已经被打扫了ManyforeignfilmshavebeenshownonTVsincelastmonth.上个月以来，电视中播放了许多外国影片。Theradiohasnotbeenturnedonyet.收音机还没开。Hasanewtrainingcentrebeensetupinourtown我们镇上新的培训中心建好了吗？8.过去完成时主动语态：haddone被动语态：hadbeendoneTheclassroomlookedtidy.Wehadcleanedit.教室看起来很整洁。我们已经打扫过了。Theclassroomlookedtidy.Ithadbeencleaned.教室看起来很整洁。它已经被打扫过了。HisnewlywrittennovelhadbeentranslatedintoEnglishbytheendoflastmonth.上个月末，他刚写的小说已被翻译成了英语。Shetoldmethatshehadbeendismissedbyherboss.她告诉我，她的老板已把第5页共26页她解雇了。HerhomeworkhadnotbeenfinishedwhenIgothome.我到家的时候，她的作业还没有完成。9.将来完成时主动语态：willshallhavedone被动语态：willshallhavebeendoneWewillhavecleanedtheclassroombyfiveo'clock.我们将在五点之前打扫完教室。Theclassroomwillhavebeencleanedbyfiveo'clock.教室将在五点以前打扫完。Thenewbookswillhavebeenenteredintheregisterbeforeanotherparcelarrives.这些新书在下一批书到来前将登记完毕。Howmanyexpresswayswillhavebeencompletedbytheendofnextyear到明年年底将建成多少条高速公路？Beforeyoureturnmyworkwillhavebeendone.你回来前我的工作将会做完。10.过去将来完成时主动语态：wouldhavedone被动语态：wouldhavebeendoneIsaidwewouldhavecleanedtheclassroomby500.我说我们将在五点之前打扫完教室。Isaidtheclassroomwouldhavebeencleanedby500.我说教室将在五点以前打扫完。Theheadmastersaidthearticlewouldhavebeentranslatedbytheendofnextmonth.校长说文章将在下月底翻译好。第6页共26页Thedaywasdrawingnearwhenthedamwouldhavebeencompleted.大坝完工的日子不远了。Hetoldmethatpreparationswouldhavebeenfinishedby600.他告诉我准备工作将在六点前完成。B.“get+过去分词”结构被动语态除常用“be+过去分词”构成外，还可用“get+过去分词”结构。这种结构多用在口语中，强调动作的结果。Theboygothurtwhenhewasridingtoschool.那孩子骑车上学时受伤了。Didyourlettergetanswered你收到回信了吗？注意：用“get+过去分词”结构时，其后的动作执行者（即by短语）一般不表示出来。Finallyhisbikegotrepaired.最后他的自行车得到了修理。AsIpassedby,myskirtgotcaughtonanail.我经过的时候，我的裙子被钉子挂住了。C．“seemappear+过去分词”结构有时“seemappear+过去分词”也可以构成被动语态。Sheseemedannoyedbyhiswords.她似乎被他的话搞得很恼火。Thehouseappearsdeserted.这房子好像没人居住。提示：并不是所有的“be+过去分词”结构中的be都能被get或seem,appear等词代替。【误】Shegotborninasmallvillage.第7页共26页【正】Shewasborninasmallvillage.她出生在一个小村庄。【误】Theoldmangotofferedalargesumofmoney.【正】Theoldmanwasofferedalargesumofmoney.这位老人获得了一大笔钱。【误】Colingotcaughtcheatingintheexam.【正】Colinwerecaughtcheatingintheexam.科林考试作弊被抓住了。D．被动语态中常用的介词1．by表示动作的执行者或施加者Bywhomisthebookwritten这本书是谁写的？Thechildrenweredrivenindoorsbytherain.孩子们被雨赶进了室内。2．with表示用某种工具Thewolfwaskilledwithagun.狼被枪打死了。Thefieldwasspreadwithwildflowers.田野里野花遍地。3．from表示源于某种物质（看不出原材料）Goodwineismadefromgrain.好酒是粮食制成的。4．of表示用某种材料制成（看得出原材料）Thetableismadeofwood.这张桌子是用木头做的。5．其他介词Youarewantedonthephone.有电话找你。Heisknowntoeverybody.大家都认识他。Shewascaughtintherain.她遭雨淋了。注意：动作执行者可以由介词by引出的短语表示，但被动语态句子中的by短语并不第8页共26页总是表示动作执行者。Apolicemanisknownbytheclotheshewears.警察可以通过他的服装辨认出来。（by表示方式）Hewasmuchflatteredbyheraskinghimtodinner.她邀请他吃晚饭，他受宠若惊了。（by表示原因）Thesnowwaspiledhighbythegate.门口雪堆积得很高。（by表示地点）二、被动语态的用法英语中，大多数情况下用主动语态比较简练、有力。但是，被动语态也有其特殊的用途，它也是表达思想、描述事物的需要。人们通常在下列情况下使用被动语态：A.不知道或不必说出动作的执行者Howisthiswordpronounced这个单词怎么发音？Scientistssaythatworkisdonewheneveraforcemoves.科学家们说，力移动时就做了功。AgreaternumberofmagicEnglishbookswillbepublishednextyear.明年将有更多的魔法英语书出版。Aft