2013中考复习英语构词法

中考基础语法复习英语单词记忆方法与技巧英语构词法知识Word-formation构词法构词法知识Derivation派生法Compound合成法Conversion转化法掌握基本的构词法知识，对于正确地识记单词，扩大词汇量，提高记忆速度和记忆效果，培养自学能力，具有非常重要的意义。简略词合成词缩略词Compound合成法把两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词,这种构词的方法叫做合成法合成法1.直接写在一起。2.用连字符(-)连接。3.由两个分开的词构成。方法概念一、合成法1.合成名词newspaper,drivinglicensereading-roomhandwritingcowboyhorsebackgreenhouseback-yardhiding-placebathroom温室书法躲藏处浴室马背牛仔后院2.合成动词:upholdwhitewash一、合成法sunburnblacklistsleepwalkday-dreambaby-sitovereat黑名单白日梦保姆晒伤梦游吃过量3.合成形容词:ready-made,time-saving,man-made,second-hand一、合成法dark-bluegood-lookinggood-temperedmiddle-aged,cold-bloodedsix-inch-tallfour-leggedtwo-faced冷血的深蓝色的四条腿的两面的中年的相貌好看的好脾气的六英寸高的4.合成代词:代词宾格或物主代词+self(selves)himself,ourselves某些不定代词+body(one,thing)everyone(everybody,everything),nobody(noone,nothing)一、合成法转化法Conversion转化法概念英语中有些单词,词形不变,词性却可以由一种转化成另一种。一个单词由某一种词类转用为另另一种词类,这就是转化。单词转换后的意义往往与未转换前的意义有密切的联系。二、转化法(1)动词名词:Ittastesgood.v.尝起来Ithasagoodtaste.n.味道由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性.4.Therearemanybooksinhisstudy.V.喝n.饮料v.学习n.书房1.Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?2.Orangeisafruit,it’salsoadrink3.Theharderyoustudy,themoreprogressyouwillmake.二、转化:(2)名词动词:Let’sgohandinhand.n.手Pleasehandinyourexercisebooksafterclass.V.上交由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性.n.电话v.打电话n.脸v.面对1.CouldIhaveyourtelephone?2.Hesaidhewouldtelephoneyoulater.3.Herfaceturnsred.4.I’llfeelnervouswhenIfacestrangers.二、转化:(3)形容词动词:Herroomiscleanandtidy.adj.干净的Shecleansherroomeveryday.v.打扫由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性.1.Pleaseopenthedoor.3.Theshoesdidn’tfitme.(v.打开)2.It’shothere.Weshouldmakethedooropen.(adj.开着的)(v.适合)4.Theovercoatisverybright.It’snotfittome.(adj.适合的)派生法Derivation前缀后缀happy---___happyunmentdevelop---develop_______由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成另外一个词。概念unluckilyPrefixStemSuffix＋＋TochangethemeaningofthewordTochangethespeech(词性)oftheword词根前缀后缀常见的否定前缀否定前缀加在一个词的前面就完全改变或否定了这个词的原来意义。前缀意义例词un-不，未（=not)unhappy,unnecessary,unable相反动作unlock,undonein-il-im-ir-不，非，无impossible,incomplete,irregular,dis-表示否定dishonest,disagree，disadvantage表示相反discover,disappearmis-表示错、误mistake,misunderstanding,mislead其他关系的前缀前缀意义例词re-表示：再一次，重新(=again)review,rebuild,rewrite,remarryinter-表示:“互相”、“在一起”(=between,among)internet,internationalmid-表示：中间(=middle)midnight,mid-autumntele-表示：远程telephone,televisionunder-表示“在…..下面，下的”underline,undergroundsuper-表示：高级、在之上“超”(=above,over,)Surpermarket，Superman名词的后缀-ageshortage，marriage,advantage-urefailure,pressure,creature-thlength,growth,wealth,truth-mentmovement,development,excitement-ingmeaning,painting,sightseeing-nesskindness,illness,happiness表示人和物的名词后缀后缀意义例词表示人-er从事…职业的人，做…的人，…地方的人teacher,worker,runner,winner,learner,washer,leader-or与-er同义visitor,actor,translator,inventor,educator,sailor,tailor,conductor,emperor（售票员）-eer从事于...的人engineer,volunteer,mountaineer-ess女...的actress,waitress,empress（皇后）-ician...家，...工作者politician(政治家）,musician-ist从事...职业的人，从事某种...文艺、学术的人，...主义者artist,communist共产主义者socialist(社会主义者),physicist(物理学家)表示物-er表示从事某工作的物Washer(洗涤器),loudspeaker后缀为-ion的名词规则例词几乎所有以-ate结尾的动词在变为名词时首先去掉e再加-ion.少数以-te/ce结尾的动词首先去掉e再加-ion.educate/education,translate/translation,graduate/graduation,operate/operationpollute/pollution,produce/production,reduce/reduction多数以-t结尾的动词直接在词尾加-ion,act/action,invent/invention,collect/collection,instruct/instruction,多数以-ss结尾的动词直接加-ion.discuss/discussion,express/expression,多数以-de结尾与少数以-d结尾的动词先把-de或-d变成-s再加-ion.decide/decision,provide/provision,有些动词加-ition,-tion,-ation或-sion而变成名词，其中有些词根因读音关系而发生了变化。add/addition,describe/description,explain/explanation形容词后缀后缀意义例词-able/-ible可/能…的enjoyable,possible,responsible(负责的)-al有...属性的natural,personal,traditional,-ish稍带...的，...气的，...民族的，...语的childish,bookish,foolishEnglish,Spanish-ful充满...的，引起...的thankful,powerful,tearful-less无/不...的，不能...的homeless,harmless,careless-ous充满...的，有...特性的dangerous,famous,nervous,humorous(幽默的;滑稽的)-y有/多...的，想...的sunny,funny,sleepy-ed有...的，有...特征的tired,interested,excited-ern...方的eastern,western,southern-ly有...性质的，...形状的yearly,friendy,lonely后缀用法及意义例词-ly加在形容词之后happily,possibly,Helpfully,completelyrecently,firstly,secondlyreally,badly-ward-wards加在名词或副词后，表示“向......的”forward,backward,upward,downward,toward,northward,afterward数词后缀-teen十几Seventeen,fifteen,eighteen-th几十fortysixtytwenty-ty第几fifthninthfortieth简略词合成词缩略词指缩写词exam—examinationplane—aeroplanead.—advertisementmaths—mathematics把两个词某部分联合起来合成为一个新词smoke+fog=smoghelicopter+airport=heliport指首字母缩略词TV—televisionTOEFL—TestofEnglishAsAForeignLanguagePLA—thepeople’sliberationArmyofChinaPractice(II):rain(形容词)________agree(反义)__________nation(形容词)_______farm(人)__________recent(副词)________friend(形容词)________hope(形容词)_______back(副词)_________visit(名词)__________home(形容词)________eight(序数词)________true(名词)___________America(形容词)_______China(形容词)________按括号内的要求改写下列单词rainynationalrecentlyhopefulvisitoreighthAmericandisagreefarmerfriendlybackwardshomelesstruthChinese1.Thatmanwas________enoughnottotellthemanagerthathewouldnotdothejob.A.careB.carefulC.carelessD.carelessness2.Thesoldierdiedforsavingthechild,sohis________isheavierthanMountTai.A.dieB.deadC.diedD.death3.Heisanexpertatchemistry.Weallcallhima________.A.chemistryB.chemicalC.chemistD.physic