供应链设计与管理(第三版)期末考试重点 供应链知识理念 英文版本

Chapter1.IroductiontoSupplyChainManagement1.【supplychain】Thesystemofsuppliers,manufacturers,transportation,distributors,andvendorsthatexiststotransformrawmaterialstofinalproductsandsupplythoseproductstocustomers.2.【supplychainmanagement】SCMisabusinessnetworkcoveringfrombuying,making,moving,warehousingtoselling.3.【Whatmakessupplychainmanagementdifficult?】Supplychainstrategiescannotbedeterminedinisolation.Theyaredirectlyaffectedbyanotherchainthatmostorganizationshave,thedevelopmentchain.Itischallengingtodesignandoperateasupplychainsothattotalsystemwidecostsareminimized,andsystemwideservicelevelsaremaintained.Uncertaintyandriskareinherentineverysupplychain.4.【StrategiesforSCM】GlobalOptimization（全局优化）ManagingUncertainty（管理不确定性）5.【WhyisGlobalOptimizationHard?】Thesupplychainisacomplexnetwork.Differentfacilitiesinthesupplychainfrequentlyhavedifferent,conflictingobjectives.Thesupplychainisadynamicsystem.Systemvariationsovertime6.【WhyIsUncertaintyHardtoDealWith?】Matchingsupplyanddemandisamajorchallenge.Forecastingdoesn’tsolvetheproblem.Inventoryandback-orderlevelstypicallyfluctuateconsiderablyacrossthesupplychain,evenwhencustomerdemandforspecificproductsdoesnotvarygreatly.Demandisnottheonlysourceofuncertainty.Recenttrendssuchasleanmanufacturing,outsourcing,andoffshoringthatfocusonreductionincreaseriskssignificantly.7.【Thethreeprinciplesofallforecastingtechniques】Forecastingisalwayswrong.Thelongertheforecasthorizon,theworsetheforecast.Aggregateforecastsaremoreaccurate.Chapter2.InventoryManagement,SupplyContractsandRiskPooling1.【何时低（高）于平均需求】Ifthecostofnotsellinganadditionalunitislargerthantheprofitfromsellinganadditionalunit,theoptimalquantityingeneralwillbelessthanaveragedemand,whileifthereverseistrue,theoptimalorderquantityingeneralwillbegreaterthanaveragedemand.2.【平均需求与最优订货量的关系】Theoptimalorderquantityisnotnecessarilyequaltoaverage,orforecastdemand.3.【Coefficientofvariation】Coefficientofvariation=𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑TheStandarddeviationmeasurestheabsolutevariabilityofcustomerdemands,thecoefficientofvariationmeasuresvariabilityrelativetoaveragedemand.4.【RiskPooling:threecriticalpoints】Centralizinginventorycontrolreducesbothsafetystockandaverageinventorylevelforthesameservicelevel.Thehigherthecoefficientofvariation,thegreaterthebenefitobtainedfromcentralizedsystems;thatis,thegreaterthebenefitfromriskPooling.ThebenefitsfromriskPoolingdependonthebehaviorofdemandfromonemarketrelativetodemandfromanother.5.【ForecastingMethods】Judgmentmethods（判断方法）Marketresearchmethods（市场研究方法）为定性方法TimeSeriesmethods（时间序列方法）Causalmethods（因果方法）为定量方法。6.【InventoryManagement’scontrollingmethods】Continuousreviewpolicy（持续检查策略）Periodicreviewpolicy（定期检查策略）7.【(s,S)Policy】Whenevertheinventorypositiondropsbelowacertainlevel,s,weordertoraisetheinventorypositiontolevelS.(s,S)的计算：Thereorderpoint(s)hastwocomponents:a.Toaccountforaveragedemandduringleadtime:LT×AVGb.Toaccountfordeviationsfromaverage(wecallthissafetystock):z×STD×√𝐿𝑇wherezischosenfromstatisticaltablestoensurethattheprobabilityofstockoutsduringleadtimeis100%-SL.Sincethereisafixedcost,weordermorethanuptothereorderpoint:Q=√(2×𝐾×𝐴𝑉𝐺)÷ℎThetotalorder-up-tolevelis:S=Q+s注：AVG=averagedailydemandSTD=standarddeviationofdailydemandLT=replenishmentleadtimeindaysh=holdingcostofoneunitforonedaySL=servicelevel(forexample,95%).ThisimpliesthattheprobabilityofStockingoutis100%-SL(forexample,5%)K=fixedcostAlso,theInventoryPositionatanytimeistheactualinventoryplusitemsalreadyordered,butnotyetdelivered.8.【JudgmentMethods】AssembletheopinionofexpertsSales-forcecompositecombinessalespeople’sestimates（销售人员汇集意见）Panelsofexperts–internal,external,both（专家座谈）Delphimethod（德尔菲方法）：a.Eachmembersurveyedb.Opinionsarecompiledc.Eachmemberisgiventheopportunitytochangehisopinion.9.【SupplyContracts】Buy-BackContracts（回购合同）:Theselleragreestobuybackunsoldgoodsfromthebuyerforsomeagreed-uponpricehigherthanthesalvagevalue.Revenue-SharingContracts（收入共享合同）:Thebuyersharessomeofitsrevenuewiththeseller,inreturnforadiscountonthewholesaleprice.GlobalOptimizationContracts（全局优化合同）:Thisunbiaseddecisionmakerwouldconsiderthetwosupplychainpartners,thesupplierandthebuyer,astwomembersofthesameorganization.Thatis,thetransferofmoneybetweenthepartiesisignoredandtheunbiaseddecisionmakerwillmaximizesupplychainprofit.QuantityFlexibilityContracts（数量灵活合同）:Supplierprovidesfullrefundforreturneditemsaslongasthenumberofreturnsisnolargerthanacertainquantity.SalesRebateContracts（销售回扣合同）:Supplierprovidesadirectincentivetotheretailertoincreasesalesbymeansofarebatepaidbythesupplierforanyitemsoldaboveacertainquantity.Chapter3.LogisticsNetworkConfiguration1.【物流网络配置】2.【数据处理】3.【网络技术】4.【SolutionTechniques】Mathematicaloptimizationtechniques:a.Exactalgorithms:findoptimalsolutions（准确算法）b.Heuristics:find“good”solutions,notnecessarilyoptimal（启发式算法）Simulationmodels:provideamechanismtoevaluatespecifieddesignalternativescreatedbythedesigner.Chapter4.TheValueofInformation1.【“Inmodernsupplychains,