人工智能原理-北京大学-7--PartIIIReasoningChapter7Reasonin-(7

SchoolofElectronicandComputerEngineeringPekingUniversityWangWenminArtificialIntelligenceOntologicalEngineeringArtificialIntelligence27.4.1WhatisOntology7.4.2WhatisOntologicalEngineering7.4.3TwoClassesofOntologyLanguages7.4.4TypicalOntologyLanguages7.4.5ApplicationsofOntologiesContentsArtificialIntelligence::Reasoning::ReasoningbyKnowledge3Ontologyisthephilosophicalstudyofthenatureofbeing,becoming,existence,orreality,aswellasthebasiccategoriesofbeingandtheirrelations.本体论是关于生物、生成、存在或现实的本质、以及生物及其关系的基本类别的哲学研究。Anontologyisaformalnaminganddefinitionofthetypes,properties,andinterrelationshipsoftheentities,thatreallyorfundamentallyexistforaparticulardomainofdiscourse.一个本体是一种对若干实体的类型、特性和相互关系的形式化命名和定义，它真实的、或根本地存在于一个特定范围的论域。Anontologyprovidesacommonvocabularyofanareaanddefine,withdifferentlevelsofformality,themeaningofthetermsandtherelationshipsbetweenthem.一个本体提供了一个领域的公共词汇，并且用不同层次的形式定义一些术语的含义和它们之间的关系。WhatisOntology什么是本体7.4.OntologicalEngineeringArtificialIntelligence::Reasoning::ReasoningbyKnowledge4Somefieldscreateontologiestoorganizeinformation,thentheontologiescanbeappliedtoproblemsolving,include:某些领域创建本体来组织信息，然后再将这些本体用于问题求解，包括：WhatisOntology什么是本体7.4.OntologicalEngineeringArtificialintelligenceSemanticWebSystemsengineeringSoftwareengineeringBiomedicalinformaticsLibraryscienceInformationarchitecture人工智能语义Web系统工程软件工程生物医学信息学图书馆学信息架构ArtificialIntelligence::Reasoning::ReasoningbyKnowledge5TypeofOntology本体的类型7.4.OntologicalEngineeringTypes类型Concepts概念Upperontology上层本体Amodelofthecommonobjectsthataregenerallyapplicableacrossawiderangeofdomainontologies.一种公共对象的模型，通常可应用于广泛的领域本体。Domainontology领域本体Relevanttoaparticulartopicorareaofinterest,e.g.,informationtechnology,orparticularbranchesofscience.与一个特定的主题或兴趣领域有关，如：信息技术或科学的某个分支。Hybridontology混合本体Acombinationofanupperontologyandadomainontology.一个上层本体与一个领域本体的结合。ArtificialIntelligence::Reasoning::ReasoningbyKnowledge6Example:TheUpperOntologyoftheWorld7.4.OntologicalEngineeringThelowerconceptisaspecializationoftheupperone.其底层的概念是上层概念的一个特化。IntervalPlacePhysicalObjectsProcessesThingsStuffAnimalsHumansAgentsSolidLiquidGasMomentsSetsNumbersRepresentationalObjectsCategoriesMeasurementsSentencesWeightsTimesAnythingAbstractObjectsGeneralizedEventsArtificialIntelligence::Reasoning::ReasoningbyKnowledge7Example:ADomainOntology一个领域本体7.4.OntologicalEngineeringAnontologyrepresentsasetofconceptswithinadomain,andtherelationshipsbetweenthoseconcepts.一个本体用来表示一个领域中概念的集合，以及这些概念之间的关系。entitysetitemindividualcategoryrelatorpropertyoccurrentpresentialabstractconcretespacetimeArtificialIntelligence::Reasoning::ReasoningbyKnowledge8ComponentsofOntology本体的成分7.4.OntologicalEngineeringComponents成分Instances实例Individuals个体instancesorobjects实例或对象Classes类sets,collections,concepts,classesinprogramming,typesofobjects,orkindsofthings集、集合、概念、编程中的类、对象的类型、或者事物的种类Attributes属性aspects,properties,features,characteristics,orparametersthatobjects(andclasses)canhave对象（以及类）所能够具有的方面、属性、特性、特征、或者参数Relations关系waysinwhichclassesandindividualscanberelatedtooneanother类和个体可以相互关联的方式Functionterms功能项complexstructuresformedfromcertainrelationsthatcanbeusedinplaceofanindividualterminastatement从某些关系所形成的复杂结构，可以用来替代某个陈述中的独立项。ArtificialIntelligence::Reasoning::ReasoningbyKnowledge9ComponentsofOntology本体的成分7.4.OntologicalEngineeringComponents成分Instances实例Restrictions限定formallystateddescriptionsofwhatmustbetrueinorderforsomeassertiontobeacceptedasinput正式规定的必须为真的描述，为了使某些断言被接受为输入Rules规则statementsintheformofanif-then(antecedent-consequent)sentencethatdescribethelogicalinferencesthatcanbedrawnfromanassertioninaparticularform采用if-then（前因-后果）语句形式的陈述，描述从一个特定形式的断言得到的逻辑推理Axioms公理assertions(includingrules)inalogicalformthattogethercomprisetheoveralltheorythattheontologydescribesinitsdomainofapplication.逻辑形式的断言（包括规则），共同构成本体在它的应用领域描述的全部理论Events事件thechangingofattributesorrelations属性或关系的改变ArtificialIntelligence::Reasoning::ReasoningbyKnowledge10Afieldwhichstudiesthemethodsandmethodologiesforbuildingontologies:一个研究构建本体的方法和方法学的领域：Theformalrepresentationsofasetofconceptswithinadomain,and一组某个领域概念的形式化表示，以及Therelationshipsbetweenthoseconcepts.这些概念之间的关系。Thegeneralconceptstorepresent,i.e.:要表示的一般概念，即：Event,事件、Time,时间、Physicalobjects,and物理对象、以及Beliefs.置信度。WhatisOntologicalEngineering什么是本体工程7.4.OntologicalEngineeringArtificialIntelligence::Reasoning::ReasoningbyKnowledge11Ontologicalengineeringistostudy本体工程研究：theontologydevelopmentprocess,本体开发过程，theontologylifecycle,本体生命周期,themethodsandmethodologiesforbuildingontologies,构建本体的方法和方法学，thetoolsuitesandlanguagestosupportontologies.支持本体的工具套件和语言的新领域。WhatisOntologicalEngineering什么是本体工程7.4.OntologicalEngineeringArtificialIntelligence::Reasoning::ReasoningbyKnowledge121)Traditionalsyntaxontologylanguages传统语法的本体语言CommonLogicDOGMA(DevelopingOntology-GroundedMethodsandApplications)F-Logic(FrameLogic)KIF(KnowledgeInterchangeFormat)KMprogramminglanguageLOOM(ontology)OCML(OperationalConceptualModellingLanguage)OKBC(OpenKnowledgeBaseConnectivity)TwoClassesofOntologyLanguages两类本体语言7.4.OntologicalEngi