高中英语句子成分分析.ppt

句子成分定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分：主语和谓语次要成分：表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语句子成分◆主语◆谓语◆宾语◆定语◆状语◆补语◆表语◆同位语1.ImetmybestfriendTomatthestationyesterday.↓主语↓谓语↓定语↓宾语↓同位语↓状语㈠主语（subject）句子说明的人或事物•Janeisgoodatplayingthepiano.•Shewentoutinahurry.•Fourplusfouriseight.•Toseeistobelieve.•Smokingisbadforhealth.•Theyoungshouldrespecttheold.•Whathehassaidistrue.找出句中主语Thesunrisesintheeast.（名词）Helikesdancing.（代词）Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.（数词）Seeingisbelieving.（动名词）Toseeistobelieve.（不定式）Whatheneedsisabook.（主语从句）Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）㈡谓语说明主语的动作、状态和特征•简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成•Isawtheflagonthetopofthehill?•Helookedaftertwoorphans.•复合谓语由情态动词或助动词+动词;•HecanspeakEnglishwell.•Hehascaughtabadcold.•Shedoesn’tseemtolikedancing(三)宾语动作的对象或承受者——及物动词或介词的宾语•宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指物,间接宾语指人.•Hegavemesomebooks.↓间接宾语↓直接宾语●.pleasepassmethebook.●.Heboughtmesomeflowers.●Ilikemyjob.●Iloveyou.●Hewantedtoleavehere.●Theyenjoyedplayingcomputergames.（四）定语定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，译为‘‘……的’’定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。复合不定代词（something/nothing）之后；不定式/分词短语/从句作定语时要放在被修饰的成分后；副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。•Heisacleverboy.•Hisfatherworksinasteelwork.•Thereare54studentsinourclass.•Doyouknownbetty’ssister?•Heboughtsomesleepingpills.•Thereisasleepingbabyinbed.•Hisspokenlanguageisgood.•Imetafriendonmywayhome.(形容词)(名词)(数词)(名词的所有格)(动名词)(现在分词)(过去分词)(副词)Thegirlinredishissister.Wehavealotofworktodo.Thegirlstandingunderthetreeishisdaughter.Doyouknowthemanwhospokejustnow?Thereisnothinginterestinginthisbook.（五）状语状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的句子成分，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等--Theboyneedsapennow.--Theboyneedsapenverymuch.可用作状语的有副词,不定式，分词，介词短语，从句等。Intheclassroom,theboyneedsapen.在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）Beforehismother,Tomisalwaysaboy.在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)OnSundays,thereisnostudentintheclassroom.星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)介词短语作状语：Hesitsthere,askingforapen.他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）Havingtofinishhishomework,theboyneedsapen.因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）Frightened,hesitstheresoundlessly.（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语）分词（短语）作状语：Theboyneedsapentodohishomework.男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）Tomakehisdreamcometrue,Tombecomesveryinterestedinbusiness.为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.不定式作状语：状语从句：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句--Wechattedaswewalkedalong.--Evenifshelaughsathim,headoresher.•Iwaitedtoseeyou.•Heoftenwenttoschoolbybus.•Hisparentsdied,leavinghimanorphan.•Pleasecallmeifitisnecessary.•Thisbookisveryinteresting.•Hewenttoschoolinspiteofhisillness.•Healwayscomeslatetoschool.（六）宾语补足语有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有make,consider,cause,see,find,call,get,have,let.•Ifoundthebookinteresting.•Doyousmellsomethingburning?•Hemadehimselfknowntothem.•Sheaskedmetolendherahand.•Pleasemakeyourselfathome.•Pleasekeepthedogout.•Wemustkeepitasecret.主动语态变成被动语态后,宾语补足语变成主补.Ilastsawhimplayingneartheriver.→Hewaslastseenplayingneartheriver.→ThestudentwascaughtcheatingintheexamWemadehimmonitor.→Hewasmademonitor.（七）表语系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征常见的系动词有:•表特征和存在状态的：be,smell,taste,sound,look,feel,seem,appear等•表状态延续的：keep,remain,stay,stand,continue•表状态变化的：become，get,grow,turn,come,go,run,fall等系动词不用于被动语态.Theappletastessweet.•Thewarwasover.•Theyseemtoknowthetruth.•Timeisprecious.•I’mnotquitemyselftoday.•Whowasthefirst?•Heisoutofcondition.•ThebookiswhatIneed.同位语：同位语当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分用来说明和解释另一个句子成分，这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。Westudentsshouldstudyhard.(students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）IlikeBeijing,thecapitalofChina.独立成分：与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词:yes否定词:no称呼语：称呼人的用语。插入语：一些句中插入的Ithink,Ibelieve,等。如:Thestory,Ithink,hasnevercometotheend.我相信,这个故事还远没结束.•Hewent.•Hewentthere.•Hewentthereyesterday.•Hewenttheretoseehismotheryesterday.•Hewenttheretoseehismotherillinhospitalbybikeyesterday.英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。一：ＳＶ（主＋谓）二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）三：ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）基本句型一：ＳＶ（主＋谓）不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，eg：Wecome.Theredsunrisesintheeast.ViＳ│Ｖ（不及物动词）1.Thesun│rose.2.Who│cares?3.Whathesaid│doesnotmatter.4.They│talkedforhalfanhour.5.Thepen│writessmoothly此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。基本句型二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。Ｓ│Ｖ（是系动词）│Ｐ（表语）1.This│is│anEnglish-Chinesedictionary.2.Thedinner│smells│good.3.He│fell│inlove.4.Everything│looks│different.5.He│isgrowing│tallandstrong.6.Ourwell│hasgone│dry.7.Hisface│turned│red.基本句型三：ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。Vt或Vi+介词Ｓ│Ｖ（及物动词）│Ｏ（宾语）1.Who│knows│theanswer?2.He│hasrefused│tohelpthem.3.He│enjoys│reading.4.He│said│Goodmorning.5.He│admits│thathewasmistaken.基本句型四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，eg：give/pass/bring/show/tell/promise/return/post/serve/offer/teach/send(可改为to型)buy/choose/get/order/make/find(可改为for型)这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语)；一个指物(直接宾语)。Givemeacupplease.=Giveacuptomeplease.Heboughtmeanicepresent.=Heboughtanicepresentforme.Ｓ│Ｖ（及物）│ｏ（多指人）│Ｏ（多指物）•She│ordered│herself│anewdress.2.He│brought│you│adictionary.3.I│showed│him│mypictures.•4.I│told│him│thatthebuswaslate.5.He│showed│me│howtorunthemachine.基本句型五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋