美国_欧盟_中国绿色电力产业政策比较分析

,,(,110004):,,,,:;;:F407.61:A:1002-9753(2006)02-0054-07ComparativeAnalysisofGreenElectricityPoliciesintheUS,EUandChinaLIKai,WANGQiu-fei,XUBo(SchoolofBusinessAdministration,NortheasternUniversity,Shenyang110004,China)Abstract:Giventhelimitationoffossilenergyresourcesandtheincreasingglobalenvironmentpressure,manycountriesarepayingmoreandmoreattentiontoutilizingrenewableenergytogenerateelectricity.Asaresult,somenewpoliciesormeasuresarecreatedandexecutedtodevelopgreenelectricityindustry.ThisthesistriestomouseoutthesuccessfulexperienceandtheabortivelessonsthroughdescribingeachgreenelectricityindustrydevelopmentpolicyofEUandUS,andthenputsforwardthepolicysuggestiononabaseofthem.Keywords:renewableenergy;greenelectricity;policycompare,,2070,,;,,,,DanyelReiche,,[1],,,,()20,2070,,,20021135kwh,8.9%,6.6%(1)2025,15%,20025[2]:2005-08-22:2006-01-04:(1957-),,,,,,:4520062119901995200020012002(%)696870.471.370.3(%)52.55151.750.950.1(%)12.314.815.817.117.9(%)4.22.22.93.32.3(%)1920.119.820.620.3(%)11.711.39.37.78.9(%)9.69.27.25.66.6(%)2.12.12.12.12.3:EnergyInformationAdministration(2004)(FederalEnergyReg2ulatoryCommissionFERC)(Statepublicutilitycommission)1992,10,1.5/kwh[3]197819921996(PURPA)(E2PACT),22003,,[4]141626,46,11[5]2003,2(FinancialIncentive)(RuleandRegulation)(PersonalIncomeTax)14(SystemBenefitsCharge)15(CorporationIncomeTax)16(RenewablePortfolioStandards)15(SalesTax)14(GenerationDiscloseandCertificationrule)23(PropertyTax)26(Net-MeteringRule)38(Rebate)20(GreenPowerPurchaseRequirements)16(Grant)16(SolarAccessLawsandGuidelines)33(Loan)22(ConstructionDesignStandards)12(ProductionIncentive)46(VoluntaryMeasures)(Leasing/Purchase)3(GreenPowerChoices)12(IndustryRecruitment)11(GreenPowerPricing)31(OutreachProgram)38:DatabaseofStateIncentivesforRenewableEnergy(NorthCarolinaSolarCenter2003)55,15,(SystemBenefitsChargesSBC),1/kwh:;;,15(Renew2ablePortfolioStandards,RPS)RPSRPSRPS,,,20022017,20%,RPS16,6,1012,,,2003,38,MSRI,(greenpowerpricing)(greenpowerchoices),,2002980,200145%,40,1%,19993[6](),,(3),,,200212,31999(%)(%)(%)(%)(%):12.10.61.40.214.267.40.12.60.070.00.40.01.00.01.40.17.84.50.012.418.40.1120.030.513.900.50.014.43.81.00.80.05.69.70.30.00.0103.80.80.60.05.317.10.20.71.719.69.31.75.00.016.10.10.73.30.04.116.80.32.90.220.110.91.30.80.013.146.20.220.048.81.50.22.00.02.8:Eurostat,www.europa.eu.int/com//energy_electric2ity/renewable.html19972010,2010199720.3%,11.5%,10.5%,(KyotoProtocol),2008-20121990,8%1998(Burden-SharingA2greement)(4),,65200624(%)(%):+8.1-8.0+8.1-13.0+4.9-7.5+20.3-21.0+6.80.0+6.00.0+8.0-21.0+11.5+25+9.6+13.0+9.0-6.5+3.6-28.0+5.5-6.0+0.5+27.0+9.5+15.0+10.9+4.0+8.3-12.5:Reiche(2002)5(feed-intariff)()(tender)()(quotaobligationforproducer)()(pricesupport)()(quotaobligationforproducer)(),,,5,,,,,,,[7],,,,,,,,:(),,,1978(PUR2PA)1992(EPACT),15(),,,,,,,,,,,(),75,,,2080,,,(),R&DR&D,,,,,800,,50%,50%[8](),,,,,;;;,,,[9],300KW,2002,2850KW,20026KW,47KW,1.5%,,100KW,80KW,(6)6200231.0GW,103.7TWH37.8800MW,2000GWH0.7125MW,50GWH0.0228MW,140GWH0.050.45460MW,1245GWH0.4433MW,34GWH0.0139.03:..2003.6:,1995,,2010,,,,,,2005200611,,:,3%,3000KW;3000KW,;2%;,;8520062,;,5%,,,,1.0[10]10,,:(1),,,,,2005228,200611,,(2),,,,,(3),,2090,(RPS)(feed-inlaw),[11](4),,,,1990-200015%,20002500,,,,,,(5),,,2001,399,66.1%,46.7%;33.9%,61.4%[11],,,5:,;,;,;,;,,,,,,,,95,[12],,:,,,,,,,,,,,RPS,(MMS)MMS,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:[1]DanyelReiche,MischaBechberger.PolicyDifferenceinthePromotionofRenewableEnergiesintheEUMemberStates[J].EnergyPolicy,2004,(32):843-849.[2]ElectricityPowerIndustryRestructuringFactSheet.Ener2gyInformationAdministration,2003b[EB].[3]FredricC.Mena.GreenElectricityPoliciesintheUnitedState:CaseStudy[J].EnergyPolicy,2005,33:2398-2410.[4]Bird,L.Sweaey.GreenPowerMarketingintheUnitedStates:AStatusReport[J].NationalRenewableEnergyLa2boratory,2003(36):456-469.[5]LoriBird,RolfWustenhagen,JornAabakken.GreenPowerMarketingAbroad:RecentTrendsandExperience[J].NationalRenewableLaboratory,2002(31):237-296.[6]StatusofStateElectricIndustryRestructuringofFebruary2003.EnergyInformationAdminstration,2003a[EB].ht2tp://www.eia.doc.gov/cneaf/electricity/chg_str/tab5rev.ht2ml.[7]SaschaN.M.VanRooijen,MarkT.VanWees.GreenE2lectricityPoliciesintheNetherlands:anAnalysisofPolicyDe2cisions[J].EnergyPolicy2006(34):60-71.[8][R].,2004.[9],,,.[J].,2005,(4):57-59[10][R].,2000.[11],.[J].(),2003,(18):27-33.[12],.[J].,2005,(11):18-23.(:)0620062