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Blimpo•Cosgrove-DaviesElectricityAccessinSub-SaharanAfricaAFRICADEVELOPMENTFORUMElectricityAccessinSub-SaharanAfricaUptake,Reliability,andComplementaryFactorsforEconomicImpactMoussaP.BlimpoandMalcolmCosgrove-DaviesElectricityAccessin Sub-SaharanAfricaElectricityAccessin Sub-SaharanAfricaUptake,Reliability,andComplementaryFactorsforEconomicImpactMoussaP.BlimpoandMalcolmCosgrove-DaviesAcopublicationoftheAgencefrançaisededéveloppementandtheWorldBank©2019InternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/TheWorldBank1818HStreetNW,Washington,DC20433Telephone:[phone];Internet:çaisededéveloppement.TheWorldBankdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedataincludedinthiswork.Theboundaries,colors,denominations,andotherinformationshownonanymapinthisworkdonotimplyanyjudgmentonthepartofTheWorldBankconcerningthelegalstatusofanyterritoryortheendorsementoracceptanceofsuchboundaries.NothinghereinshallconstituteorbeconsideredtobealimitationuponorwaiveroftheprivilegesandimmunitiesofTheWorldBank,allofwhicharespecificallyreserved.RightsandPermissionsThisworkisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution3.0IGOlicense(CCBY3.0IGO):Attribution—Pleasecitetheworkasfollows:Blimpo,MoussaP.,andMalcolmCosgrove-Davies.2019.ElectricityAccessinSub-SaharanAfrica:Uptake,Reliability,andComplementaryFactorsforEconomicImpact.AfricaDevelopmentForumseries.Washington,DC:WorldBank.doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1361-0.License:CreativeCommonsAttributionCCBY3.0IGOTranslations—Ifyoucreateatranslationofthiswork,pleaseaddthefollowingdisclaimeralongwiththeattribution:ThistranslationwasnotcreatedbyTheWorldBankandshouldnotbeconsideredanofficialWorld Banktranslation.TheWorldBankshallnotbeliableforanycontentorerrorinthistranslation.Adaptations—Ifyoucreateanadaptationofthiswork,pleaseaddthefollowingdisclaimeralongwiththeattribu-tion:ThisisanadaptationofanoriginalworkbyTheWorldBank.ViewsandopinionsexpressedintheadaptationarethesoleresponsibilityoftheauthororauthorsoftheadaptationandarenotendorsedbyTheWorldBank.Third-partycontent—TheWorldBankdoesnotnecessarilyowneachcomponentofthecontentcontainedwithinthework.TheWorldBankthereforedoesnotwarrantthattheuseofanythird-party-ownedindividualcomponentorpartcontainedintheworkwillnotinfringeontherightsofthosethirdparties.Theriskofclaimsresultingfromsuchinfringementrestssolelywithyou.Ifyouwishtoreuseacomponentofthework,itisyourresponsibilitytodeterminewhetherpermissionisneededforthatreuseandtoobtainpermissionfromthecopyrightowner.Examplesofcomponentscaninclude,butarenotlimitedto,tables,figures,orimages.AllqueriesonrightsandlicensesshouldbeaddressedtoWorldBankPublications,TheWorldBankGroup,1818 HStreetNW,Washington,DC20433,USA;e-mail:[e-mail](paper):978-1-4648-1361-0ISBN(electronic):978-1-4648-1377-1DOI:10.1596/978-1-4648-1361-0Coverphoto:Photographerismylife./GettyImages.UsedwiththepermissionofPhotographerismylife./GettyImages.Furtherpermissionrequiredforreuse.Coverdesign:BillPragluski,CriticalStages.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDatahasbeenrequested.vAfricaDevelopmentForumSeriesTheAfricaDevelopmentForumSerieswascreatedin2009tofocusonissuesofsignificantrelevancetoSub-SaharanAfrica’ssocialandeconomicdevelop-ment.Itsaimisbothtorecordthestateoftheartonaspecifictopicandtocontributetoongoinglocal,regional,andglobalpolicydebates.Itisdesignedspecificallytoprovidepractitioners,scholars,andstudentswiththemostup-to-dateresearchresultswhilehighlightingthepromise,challenges,andopportuni-tiesthatexistonthecontinent.TheseriesissponsoredbyAgencefrançaisededéveloppementandtheWorldBank.Themanuscriptschosenforpublicationrepresentthehighestqualityineachinstitutionandhavebeenselectedfortheirrelevancetothedevelopmentagenda.Workingtogetherwithasharedsenseofmissionandinterdisciplinarypurpose,thetwoinstitutionsarecommittedtoacommonsearchfornewinsightsandnewwaysofanalyzingthedevelopmentrealitiesoftheSub-SaharanAfricaregion.AdvisoryCommitteeMembersAgencefrançaisededéveloppementGaëlGiraud,ChiefEconomistThomasMelonio,ExecutiveDirector,Innovations,ResearchandKnowledgeDirectoratePierreIcard,Director,HeadofKnowledgeDepartmentonSustainableDevelopmentSophieChauvin,Head,EditionandPublicationDivisionHélèneDjoufelkit,DeputyHead,ResearchDepartmentWorldBankAlbertG.Zeufack,ChiefEconomist,AfricaRegionMarkusP.Goldstein,LeadEconomist,AfricaRegionZIMBABWEANGOLABURUNDIRWANDACHADNIGERUGANDAKENYASOMALIAETHIOPIAERITREASUDANSOUTHSUDANCENTRALAFRICANREPUBLICREP.OFCONGONIGERIATOGOSENEGALLIBERIASIERRALEONEGUINEACÔTED’IVOIREGUINEA-BISSAUDEMOCRATICREPUBLICOFCONGOSOUTHAF