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2020/8/241英语新词新语外国语学院2020/8/242英语新词新语的概念1.英语新词新语的产生因素2.3.英语新词的发展前景4.英语新词新语构成的新动向2020/8/243I.英语新词新语的概念新词新语这一概念我们一般采用neologism一词来表达。Webster’sNewWorldDictionary对该词作以下解释:①anewwordoranewmeaningforanestablishedword;②theuseof,orthepracticeofcreating,newwordsornewmeaningsforestablishedwords.中华字典博物馆2020/8/2442.英语新词新语的产生因素⑴、政治因素第二次世界大战以后,特别是近二三十年,世界政治形势发生了很大的变化,这些变化不可避免地给英语增添了不少新词新语。Coldwar(冷战),armrace(军备竞赛),ironcurtain(铁幕),Thatcherism(撒切尔主义或撒切尔政策),Blairism(布莱尔主义或布莱尔政策),Clintonism(克林顿主义或克林顿政策),Bushism(布什主义或布什政策)。2020/8/245此外,跟词汇有关的若干分支学科已经取得了相对独立的地位,例如词典学(lexicography)、形态学(morphology)和词汇语义学(lexicalsemantics),还有一些分支学科已经取得了半独立的地位,例如短语学(phraseology)和心理词汇(mentallexicon),这些分支学科似乎把词汇学的研究范围分割掉了。2020/8/246在20世纪结构主义语言学(尤其是美国结构主义语言学)的影响下,英语词汇研究和英语词汇教学的研究处于相对滞后的状态,LeonardBloomfield就认为,“词汇实际上是语法的附录,也就是不规则的基础形式的清单(reallyanappendixofthegrammar,alistofbasicirregularities)。”21世纪以来,随着计算机科学的发展和语言学研究的深入,词汇研究在西方(尤其在欧洲)引起了越来越多的重视,相继出版了一系列词汇学著作。2020/8/247其中包括LeilaBehrens等主编的《聚焦词汇:当代词汇学的竞争与交汇》(TheLexiconinFocus:CompetitionandConvergenceinCurrentLexicology,2002)、由DavidAlanCruse等主编的1900余页的《词汇学:词和词汇性质和结构的国际手册》(Lexicology:AnInternationalHandbookontheNatureandStructureofWordsandVocabularies,2002,2005)、由DieterWunderlich主编的《词汇理论的进展》(AdvancesintheTheoryoftheLexicon,2006)、由M.A.K.Halliday等编著的《词汇学概论》(Lexicology:AShortIntroduction,2007)、由PatrickHanks主编的2400余页的《词汇学:语言学重要概念》(Lexicology:CriticalConceptsinLinguistics,2008)等一系列重要的词汇学论著,为英语词汇研究注入了活力,词汇取得了语言学研究的中心地位。AnnaWierzbicka甚至认为“句法只不过是把词粘在一起的粘合剂而已(nomorethanthegluethatisusedtopastewordstogether)。”2020/8/248II.两本词汇学巨著的启示意义Lexicology--AnInternationalHandbookontheNatureandStructureofWordsandVocabulariesbyD.AlanCruse(Editor)Publisher:MoutondeGruyter;Bilingualedition(2005)第一本2020/8/249Thehandbook(1944pages)identifiesanddealswiththefollowingaimsforacademicprogressionandpractical/theoreticalresearch:-theestablishmentandmaintenanceofanindependentprofileforthedisciplineoflexicology-thecollectionanddocumentationofup-to-dateknowledgeinthefieldoflexicology-thedocumentationofresearchstillout-standingandtheprovisionofguidelinesonconcretefieldsofstudy.Inconclusionthepresentstateoflexicologymadeitnecessarytodealthoroughlywithquestionsaboutthediscipline,itsmethodologyanditslinkswithrelateddisciplines.2020/8/2410Thehandbookstartsoffwiththetwomainsections'word'and'vocabulary'.Thesenserelationsactasthethreadswhichbindthesetwosectionstogether,becausetheirabilitytolinkwordsinpairsallowsustomakesuccessiveinroadsintothevocabulary.Movingfromtheterm'word'totheterm'lexicalelement'forcesusintoamoredetailedinvestigationofphraseology.Detailedtreatmentsofeachofthewaysoflookingat'vocabulary'areprovided,inviewoftheambiguityoftheterm'vocabulary'(vocabularyinitsrelationtoanaturallanguagevs.vocabularyinitsrelationtoanindividual[mentallexicon]vs.vocabularyinitsrelationtogrammar[lexicon]).Similarly,synchronicanddiachronicpointsofviewaretakenintoaccount,inordertobeabletoarriveatanadequatedescriptionoftheunderlyingdynamicsofthevocabularyofnaturallanguages.2020/8/2411VolumeOne该手册第一卷的23章可以分为五个部分,第一部分介绍了词和词汇学的基本概念:I.ThefoundationsandfundamentalquestionsoflexicologyII.ReflectiononthewordIII.Thewordinthecontextofdifferenttheoriesoflanguage/grammar2020/8/2412第二部分介绍了词的形式层面和内容层面:IV.TheformlevelofthewordV.ThecontentlevelofthewordI:GeneraloverviewVI.ThecontentlevelofthewordII:LexicaldecompositionVII.ThecontentlevelofthewordIII:ConceptualapproachesVIII.ThecontentlevelofthewordIV:StructuringofwordmeaningIX.ThecontentlevelofthewordV:DimensionsofmeaningX.Relationsbetweenthelevelofformandthelevelofcontent2020/8/2413第三部分介绍了词汇单位的特殊形式:XI.SpecialformsoflexicalunitsI:IdiomsXII.SpecialformsoflexicalunitsII:Shortenedwords,abbreviationsandotherlexicalunitswithastatussimilartowords第四部分介绍了词汇结构的意义关系:XIII.LexicalstructuresbasedonsenserelationsI:Generaloverview,inclusionsandidentityXIV.LexicalstructuresbasedonsenserelationsII:Exclusionandopposition,derivationalrelationsXV.LexicalstructuresbasedonsenserelationsIII:Descriptivemodels2020/8/2414第五部分介绍了词与词汇的各种共时关系:XVI.LexicalstructuresinasyntagmaticperspectiveXVII.ThearchitectureofthevocabularyI:WordclassesXVIII.ThearchitectureofthevocabularyII:WordfamiliesXIX.ThearchitectureofthevocabularyIII:LexicalfieldsXX.ThearchitectureofthevocabularyIV:StructuringsrelatedtoconceptsXXI.ThearchitectureofthevocabularyV:FunctionalvarietiesXXII.ThearchitectureofthevocabularyVI:LayersoforiginXXIII.ThearchitectureofthevocabularyVII:Vocabulariesforspecificpurposes2020/8/2415VolumeTwo该手册第二卷也可以分为五个部分,第一部分介绍了词汇学的方法论和词汇的特征:XXIV.MethodologyofLexicologyXXV.StructuralPropertiesofVocabulariesfromContrastiveandTypologicalPointsofViewXXVISpecialPropertiesofVocabularies2020/8/2416第二部分从社会语言学的角度介绍了语言的地域方言、时间变迁和社会方言:XXVII.ASelectionofRegionalVocabulariesandVocabulariesofDialectsI:GermanXXVIII.ASelectionofRegionalVocabulariesandVocabulariesofDialectsII:EnglishXXIX.TheEtymologyofWordsXXX.LexicalChangeXXXI.EpochVocabulariesXXXII.VocabulariesofFamousPersonalitiesI:LiteratureXXXIII.VocabulariesofFamousPersona
本文标题:Lecture13《英语词汇学》学习课件
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