环境工程专业英语--Unit-1

环生院厚德博学慎思笃行SpecialtyEnglishforEnvironmentalScienceandEngineering环境科学与工程专业英语刘青Part1IntroductiontoenvironmentalscienceandengineeringUnit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineering?Unit2EnvironmentalEngineeringUnit3WhatisWasteReduction/WasteMinimization?Unit4EnvironmentalAnalysisWordsandExercisescornerstoneshypothesisconsolidationmagpiecollectionlogicbridgethegapmanifestpalatablehazardstribescommunitiessubdisciplineseffusionsquantitativequalitativelogicquantitativelogicskewedUnit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineering•NaturalScience•EnvironmentalScience•QuantitativeEnvironmentalScience•Engineering•EnvironmentalEngineeringUnit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringNaturalScience:1.Whatisscience?2.Whatisthedifferencebetweensocialandnaturalscience?Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringNaturalScience:•Science:SocialscienceNaturalscienceBiology,chemistry,physics,…Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringNaturalScienceInthebroadestsense,scienceissystematizedknowledgederivedfromandtestedbyrecognitionandformulationofaproblem,collectionofdatathroughobservation,andexperimentation.在最广泛的意义上，科学是系统化的知识，来源于并且实践于对问题的认识和构想，以及通过观察和实验的数据的收集。Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringWedifferentiatebetweensocialscienceandnaturalscienceinthattheformerdealswiththestudyofpeopleandhowtheylivetogetherasfamilies,tribes,communities,races,andnations,andthelatterdealswiththestudyofnatureandthephysicalworld.Naturalscienceincludessuchdiversedisciplinesasbiology,chemistry,geology,physics,andenvironmentalscience.我们用来区分社会科学和自然科学的是，前者从事研究人及他们如何作为家庭、部落、社区,种族和国家共同生活，后者从事自然和物理世界的研究。自然科学包括生物学、化学、地质学、物理学和环境科学等多种学科。Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringEnvironmentalScience:1.Whatisthedifferencebetweenenvironmentalscienceandothernaturalsciencesubjects?i.e.Whatisitsbiggestcharacteristic?2.Whatdoesthehistoricalfocusofenvironmentalscience?3.Whatdoesmodernenvironmentalscienceinclude?Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringEnvironmentalScience:•CharacteristicEncompassallfieldsofnaturalscience•HistoricalfocusNaturalenvironment•ModernenvironmentalscienceEffusionsfrombuiltenvironmentUnit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringEnvironmentalScienceWhereasthedisciplinesofbiology,chemistry,andphysics(andtheirsubdisciplinesofmicrobiology,organicchemistry,nuclearphysics,etc.)arefocusedonaparticularaspectofnaturalscience,environmentalscienceinitsbroadestsenseencompassesallthefieldsofnaturalscience.环境科学而生物学、化学和物理的学科(及其分支学科的微生物学,有机化学,核物理,等等)的重点是自然科学的一个特定方面,环境科学在其广义上包括所有的自然科学领域。Thehistoricalfocusofstudyforenvironmentalscientistshasbeen,ofcourse,thenaturalenvironment.历来环境科学家研究的焦点，理所应当是自然环境。因此，我们指的是大气，土壤，水和居住环境，这些不同于建设的环境。Bythis,wemeantheatmosphere,theland,thewaterandtheirinhabitantsasdifferentiatedfromthebuiltenvironment.现代环境科学还建立了相应的建筑环境应用，或者更准确的说，来应对建筑环境的排污。Modernenvironmentalsciencehasalsofoundapplicationstothebuiltenvironmentor,perhapsmorecorrectly,totheeffusionsfromthebuiltenvironment.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringUnit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringQuantitativeEnvironmentalScience:1.Whatdoesscientificmethoddealwith?2.Whatisthecornerstoneofscience?Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringQuantitativeEnvironmentalScience:•Science(scientificmethod)RepresentativeorskewedRandomvariationCare,impartially,independentverificationQuantitativeEnvironmentalScienceScienceor,perhapsmorecorrectly,thescientificmethod,dealswithdata,thatis,withrecordedobservations.定量环境科学科学，或者更准确的说，科学方法涉及数据处理，也就是观察记录的处理。当然，这些数据是各种可能性的样本。它们可能具有代表性，也可能有所偏差。Thedatais,ofcourse,asampleoftheuniverseofpossibilities.Theymayberepresentativeortheymaybeskewed.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringEveniftheyarerepresentative，theywillcontainsomerandomvariationthatcannotbeexplainedwithcurrentknowledge.即使它们是具有代表性的，它们也含有不能用现有知识来解释的某些随机变化。在数据收集与记录过程仔细认真、无偏见和独立核实是科学的基石。Careandimpartialityingatheringandrecordingdata,aswellasindependentverification(认证),arethecornerstonesofscience.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringUnit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringQuantitativeEnvironmentalScience:1.Whatdoesscientificmethoddealwith?2.Whatisthecornerstoneofscience?3.Whatistherelationshipbetweenthedata,hypothesisandtheory?Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringQuantitativeEnvironmentalScience:Theory•laws…DataGeneralization/hypothesisConsolidationofknowledgeSystematichuntforneededinformationOverallmakesscienceanorganizedbodyofknowledgeRegularitiesFormulateWhenthecollectionandorganizationofdatarevealcertainregularities,itmaybepossibletoformulateageneralization（概论）orhypothesis.当数据的收集和整理披露出某些规律时，那么有可能归纳出概论或假设。这只是说明，在某些情况下，某些现象通常可以观察到。Thisismerelyastatementthatundercertaincircumstance（境况）certainphenomena（现象）cangenerallybeobserved.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringManygeneralizationsarestatisticalinthattheyapplyaccuratelytolargeassemblages（聚集）butarenomorethanprobabilitieswhenappliedtosmallersetsorindividuals.许多概况的结论是统计性的，也就是可以准确适用于大的集合体，但是当应用在小集合或者个体中，它就只是个概率而已。在科学方法中，假说被测试，修改，并再次测试，直到它被证明是可以接受的。Inascien