Phonetic-sounds-英语语言学--辅音

PhoneticsTheStudyofthewayHumansmake,Transmit,andReceiveSoundsPhonology-thestudyofsoundsystemsoflanguagesPhoneme–Aphonologicalsegmentthatcanbephoneticallypredictedbyarule–/b/inbitand/p/inpit.TheOrgansofSpeechandArticulationLanguagesaremadeupofvowelsandconsonantssoundsCantoneseconsistsof70sounds(19initialsand51finals)Englishconsistsof44sounds(20vowelsand24consonants)VowelsMostvowelsoundsaremodifiedbytheshapeofthelips.(rounded/spread/neutral)Soundsaremadebyvibratingthevocalcords(voicing).Vowelscanbesinglesounds–monophthongsorpurevowelsDoublesounds-DiphthongsTriplesounds-TriphthongsThisisfoundinthewordtea.ThelipsarespreadandthesoundislongPurevowelsusuallycomeinpairsconsistingoflongandshortsoundsThisisfoundinthewordhip.Thelipsareslightlyspreadandthesoundisshort:Thetonguetipisraisedslightlyatthefronttowardsthealveolar.Inthelongersoundthetongueisraisedhigher.ThemostcommonsoundinEnglish–theSchwaThissoundismadebyrelaxingthemouthandkeepingyourlipsinaneutralpositionandmakingashortsound.Itisfoundinwordslikepaper,over,about,andcommoninweakverbsinspokenEnglish.Thissoundisthelongformoftheschwasound.Itisfoundinwordslikethirteenandbird.Themouthisrelaxedandlipsareneutral.Thisistheshortsound–up,cut&butterThisisthelongsound–car,fast&darkThecentreofthetongueisraisedtowardsthesoftplate,thelipsareneutral.&a:u:Thelongsound–you,too&blueTheshortsound–Good,would&woolThelipsareroundedandthecentreandbackofthetongueisraisedtowardsthesoftplate.Forthelongersoundthetongueisraisedhigherandthelipsaremorerounded.Thelongsound–door,four&moreTheshortsound–hot,clockandwhat.MadewithroundedlipsandtongueslightlyraisedatthebackTwoofthevowelsdonothavelongsoundsThissoundismadewiththemouthspreadwideopen.Itisfoundin–cat,man,apple&ranThesoundof‘e’isfoundin–wet,left,when&tell.Likethesoundfor‘a’itisashortsoundthathasnolongversion.Thevowelsoundswehavejustreviewedmakeuptherestofthediphthongsetc.thatcomenext.Diphthongs,Triphthongs&GlidesDiphthongsarecombinationsoftwosounds-Englishhas8diphthongsTriphthongsarecombinationsofthreesounds-Englishhas1triphthong(adiphthong+aschwasound)Glidesaresoundsmadewhenthetonguemovesfromonepositiontoanother.Herewehavethreesounds;Thesoundsfrom1)for2)tour3)go123Twoofthesesoundsarediphthongs,combinationsofvowels.Thisdiphthongisfoundin–hay,date,scrape&vein.Diphthongsaremadebyslidingthetongueforonepositiontoanother-thisisknowasaglide.Heretwomorepurevowelsarecombinedtomakeasound.Thissoundislikesayingtheletter‘O’.Itbeginswithaer(schwa)andmovestowardsthe‘oo’soundfoundingood.Wordslikecow,down,groundandtownallcontainthissound.(Thea:isalsousedtomakethisdiphthong)Diphthongsarecombinationsofpurevowels.a:+I=‘aI’-tie,buy,height&nighte+I=‘eI’-way,paid&gateo:+I=‘oI’–boy,coin&coye+=e-where,hair&careI+=I-here,hear&beereeeeReviewall8soundsandtrytheexercisesontheworksheetsConsonantsTheArticulationofsoundbasedonreceivedpronunciation(R.P.)(Thesesoundsforreferenceonly)1)PlosivesPlosivesaremadebymakingacompleteclosurebetweensomepointandthevocaltract.Pressurebuildsupbehindtheclosurewhichisreleasedtocreatesound.Thisgroupincludesthesoundsofb,p,k,d,t&d.b&pThesetwosoundsareplosives,theydifferinthewaythevoiceisusedduringthesound.1)Pisaspirated&voiceless–airleavingthemouth.Itisagentlesound.2)BisavoicedsoundandtheairisrestrictedthroughtheglottisBothsoundsareknownasBilabialPlosivesClosedmouthThesoundsk&garemadebyraisingthetongueatthebackofthemouthtomakeacompleteclosure.1)kisavoicelesssound2)gisavoicedsoundTheseareknownasVelarPlosivesThesoundsof‘t&d’aremadebyraisingthetonguetotouchthefrontofthealveolarridgejustbehindtheteeth.1)‘t’isvoiceless2)‘d’isvoicedNoticehowyoucanfeelairwhenpronouncingthe‘t’,the‘d’soundhasnoairasitisvoicedthroughthevocalcords.Theseareknowas-AlveolarPlosivesAlveolarridge2)FricativesFricativesaremadebymovingtwovocalorganstogethertorestrictthereleaseofsound.Thisgroupincludesthesoundsoff,v,s,z,andbothsh&thsoundsF&V1)The‘f’isvoiceless–first,phone&flat2)The‘v’isvoiced–video,love&haveThetopfrontteethareplacedonthetopofthebottomlip.ThesoundissqueezedthroughthesmallgapsThesesoundsareknownasLabio-dentalFricativesThevoicedsound,foundinthe,there&featherThevoicelesssoundfoundinthink,thin&thoughtThetonguetouchestheteeth,usuallyjustbehindthefrontteeth.Aboveisshownthewayitcanbepractisedbyputtingthetonguebetweenthefrontteethandtouchingtheindexfinger.TheseareknownasaDentalfricativesThesound‘sh’ismadebyraisingthebladeofthetonguetomakelightcontactwiththesoftpalate.Thesoundissqueezedthroughthegapmakinga‘sh’sound.Thevoicelesssoundcanbefoundinshe,wash,sure&champagneThevoicedsoundisfoundintelevision&revisionThesesoundsareknowasPalato-alveolarFricativeszsThetipofthetongueismovedtowardstheedgeofthesoftplateandthealveolarridge.Thesoundismadebysqueezingthesoundthroughthegap.‘s’–see,voice&mostwordsthatbeginwith‘s’‘z’–zoo,has,freeze,carsandowns.ThesesoundsareknownasAlveolarFricativesThissoundiscreatedbyraisingthebackofthetonguetolightlytouchthesoftplate,airfromthelungsispusheduppasttheglottisandthroughthesmallgap.Thesoundisfoundin–hotel,his,behind&hiveItisknownasaGlottalF