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1英语现在完成时语法详细讲解与配套习题一、现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,但它的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have(has)+过去分词。规则变化的过去分词与过去式的变化一样,在动词词尾加ed;不规则变化的过去分词见不规则动词表,需要同学记忆。现以seethefilm为例将现在完成时的肯定句,否定句和疑问句列表如下:肯定句:I/You/We/Theyhaveseenthefilm.He/She/Ithasseenthefilm.否定句:I/You/We/Theyhavenot/haven’tseenthefilm.He/She/Ithasnot/hasn’tseenthefilm.疑问句:HaveI/you/theyseenthefilm?Yes,you/we/I/theyhave.No,you/we/I/theyhaven’t.Hashe/she/itseenthefilm?Yes,he/she/ithas.No,he/she/ithasn’t.二、用法:现在完成时既涉及过去,又联系现在。标志词词义用法位置already已经肯定句句中或句末ever曾经疑问句、肯定句句中never从未,从来不陈述句,不和not连用句中(ever)since自从肯定、疑问、否定句中for后接一段时间肯定、疑问、否定句中just刚刚,正好肯定句句中yet还疑问句、否定句末recently最近肯定、否定、疑问句句末once,twice,afewtimes几次肯定、疑问句末during/over/inthepast/last+一段时间在过去的一段时间里肯定、疑问、否定句末It’sthefirsttimeI…这是我第一次…肯定句前用法一:表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与just(刚刚),already(已经),never(从来没有),ever(曾经),before(以前),yet(仍然),once(一次),twice(两次),manytimes(很多次),howmanytimes(多少次),sofar(迄今为止),duringthepast(last)threeyears(最近三年来)等连用。※副词的位置:①just常用于肯定句中,放在have/has后,Hehasjustcome.②never表示否定,放在have/has后,HehasnevervisitedtheGreatWall.③ever用于疑问句中,句型为:Have/Has+主语+ever+过去分词?“…曾经……过吗?”用于询问某人过去的经历。Haveyoueverbeentothefarm?④before用于句末,Thewomanhasneverheardofthatbefore.⑤yet用于句末或not之后.Hasthetrainarrivedyet?No,notyet.⑥already用于肯定句,have/has之后或句末.Wehavealreadyfinishedit.⑦sofar用于句首或句末.Sofar,wehavevisitedthemoon.用法二:表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态。时间状语有:①for+表示一段时间的词语IhavetaughtEnglishfor19years。②since+表示过去时间点的词语Hehasbeenatthisschoolsince1986.2③since+表示过去的时间状语从句IhavelivedheresinceIwasborn.④since+一段时间+ago.Ihaveknownhimsince20yearsago.三、现在完成时态中可以和表示一段时间状语(for,since,howlong,allone’slife)连用的动词必须是表示延续的情况或动作的动词,即延续性动词。如:be,have,know,live,work,study,learn,teach,keep,speak,talk,draw,wait,wear,walk,sleep,drive,write,do,clean等。Ihavebeenateacherfornearly20years.Howlonghashelivedhere?英语中还有一些动词的意义决定它们所表示的动作不能延续,只是一瞬间就结束的动作,这类动词叫做“非延续性动词”,常见的有:come,go,arrive,reach,see,hear,close,open,leave,begin,start,lose,buy,fall,join,die,getup,become,borrow,lend,find,finish,receive等。这些动词可用于现在完成时,说明某个动作的结果还存在,但不能和表示一段时间的状语(howlong,for,since)连用。Hehascomeback.(√)Hehascomebackfortwohours.(×)※但在否定句中,非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰,如Ihaven’theardfrommyfatherforalongtime.Wehaven’tseenhimsince1999.(5)用相应的延续性动词替代非延续性动词。Hehasboughtthebookfortwoweeks.改为:Hehashadthebookfortwoweeks.常见的相应转换形式如下:borrow/lend→keep,buy→have,finish/end→beover,arrive/come/go/move/reach/getto→bein/at/behere/bethere,begin/start→beon,open→beopen,close→beclosed,die→bedead,leave→beaway(from),gotoschool→beinschool/beastudent,getup→beup,fallasleep→beasleep,fallill→beill,gettoknow→know,lose→belost,become→be,return/comeback/getback→beback,join→bein/bea…member,jointhearmy→beinthearmy/beasoldier,receive/getaletter→havealetter,catch/getacold→haveacold,begintostudy→study,他参军已有三年.Hehasjoinedthearmyforthreeyears.(错)改为:Hehasbeeninthearmyforthreeyears/sincethreeyearsago.Hehasbeenasoldierforthreeyears/sincethreeyearsago.Hejoinedthearmythreeyearsago.Itisthreeyearssincehejoinedthearmy.Threeyearshaspassedsincehejoinedthearmy.3四、现在完成时中应注意的几个问题havebeento和havegoneto的区别havebeento强调“去过”,现已不在那里,如:HehasbeentotheUSAthreetimes.他到美国去过三次。(过去“到美国”,现在已“不在美国”)havegoneto主要强调的是“去了”,现在人不在说话的现场,如:--Where'syourmother?--你妈妈在哪?--Shehasgonetothehospital.--她去医院了。五、如何通过与一般过去时做比较,进一步掌握现在完成时?一般过去时和现在完成时的动作都发生在过去,但意义却不同.(1)一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生关系。现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响,强调的是现在。如:IlearnedtenEnglishsongs(说明过去学过,现在是否记得,不是本句的内容)IhavelearnttenEnglishsongs.(learn发生在过去,但强调我现在懂英语歌曲)Icleanedtheblackboardhalfanhourago.(只说明“擦”和其发生的时间)Ihavecleanedtheblackboard.(说明现在黑板是干净的)Theteacherhaswrittensomenewwordsontheblackboard(黑板上现在有单词)Theteacherwrotesomenewwordsontheblackboard(黑板上现在没有单词)(2)一般过去时可以和表示过去的时间状语连用,如:yesterday,lastyear,threedaysago,justnow,等。现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用,其时间状语可以是since…,for…,just,ever,never,before,already,yet,sofar,allone’slife等45典型例题】1.—Oh,Mrs.King,yournecklacelooksnice.Isitnew?—No,I____itfortwoyears.A.hadB.havehadC.boughtD.havebought2.Hisgrandfather_____forovertwoyears.A.hasdiedB.hasbeendeadC.hasdeadD.died3.UncleLicanspeakEnglishverywellbecausehe_____Englandfor5years.A.hasgonetoB.hasbeentoC.hascometoD.hasbeenin4.—WhereisMr.Zhang?—He_____London.A.hasbeentoB.hasbeenC.hasgoneD.hasgoneto5.—_____totheUnitedStates?—No,never,butIwenttoCanadaafewyearsago.A.HaveyoubeenB.HaveyougoneC.DidyougoD.Willyougo6.Ihaven’tseenyou_____lastFriday.A.forB.sinceC.fromD.on7.—John,you____thecomputergamefortwohours.It’sbadforyoureyes.Stop,please!—OK,Mum.A.playedB.haveplayedC.wereplayingD.play8.Iwon’tgototheconcertbecauseI_____myticket.A.lostB.don’tloseC.havelostD.willlostExercise:Fillintheblankswiththerightverbtense:1.It(rain)foraweek.2.Idon’tknowthiswoman.I(meet,never)her.3.-Let’sgotothecinema.-No,I(see,already)thefilm.4.We(finish,not)ourhomeworkyet.Willyouwaitaminute?5.John(come,not)yet.Hewillbebackinaminute.6.Mr.GreenoftengoestoAmerica.Infact,he(be)theretentimes.7.-Where’sJohn?-Hejust(go)totheteachers’office.8.She(study)Englishsinceshewasten.She(begin)tostudyEnglishwhenshewasten.9.Jimisn’there.He(go)tothelibrary.He(go)thereanhourago.10.He(travel,never)onatraininherlife.11.I(buy)thebiket
本文标题:现在完成时语法详细讲解
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