宏观语言学-终结版

Macrolinguistics宋丹丹林亚丽孔鲁晓罗曼张玲玉MacrolinguisticsLinguisticsandanthropologySociolinguisticsPsycholinguisticsComputationallinguisticsAndsoon…Linguisticsandanthropology语言学和人类学Providedby宋丹丹Linguisticsandanthropology1.Interdisciplinarylinksbetweenanthropologyandlinguistics2.Anthropologicallinguistics3.Schoolsandrepresentatives1.1researchobject1.2researchtool1.3culture1.Interdisciplinarylinksbetweenanthropologyandlinguistics•1.1Languageisoneoftheresearchobjectofanthropology•1.2Languageisoneoftheresearchtoolsofanthropology•1.3culture,asaanthropologicalconcept,provideamorecomprehensivedescriptionoflanguage1.1Languageisoneoftheresearchobjectofanthropology•Anthropology:anthropologyisrecognizedsocialsciencewithtwobroadfields,physicalanthropologyandculturalanthropology.•Cultural:Thistermistakenfromthetechnicalvocabularyofanthropology,whereinitembracestheentirewayoflife(obviously,languageisapartthere)ofmembersofacommunityinsofarasitisconditionedbythatmembership.•So,languageisincludedintheanthropology,whichattemptstobeallinclusivethestudyofhumanbehaviorinallplacesandthroughouttime,isoneoftheresearchobjectofanthropology.1.2Languageisoneoftheresearchtoolsofanthropology•1.2.1Eachspeechcommunitylivesinasomewhatdifferentworldfromthatofothers,andthatthesedifferencesarebothrealizedinpartsoftheirlanguages.•1.2.2Itisclearlypossibletoarriveatsomedescriptionofapeople’sculturewithoutlearninganythingoftheirlanguage,butonemaysurmisethatadescriptionofaculturethathadinvolvedsomeacquaintancewiththelanguageorlanguagesofthatculturewillbeincertainimportantrespectsmorepenetratingandrevealing.1.3Culture,asaanthropologicalconcept,provideamorecomprehensivedescriptionoflanguage•Adescriptionofalanguagebysomeonewhohasmadeuseofsomeknowledgeoftherestofthecultureofitsspeakerswillprovideamorecomprehensiveaccountoftheworkingofthelanguagewithinthecommunityasasymboliccommunicativesystem.Forexample,ifthelinguistwishestodealatallindetailwithsemanticswithinhisdescription,recoursetosomeculturalknowledgeofthecommunitymaybeaprerequisiteifhisstatementsofmeaning,inimportantspheresofthevocabulary,aretoriseabovethesuperficiallyobviousandnottobeconfinedtolistingthenearestone-wordtranslationrenderings.2.Anthropologicallinguistics•Anthropologicallinguisticsisacrosssubjectofanthropologyandlinguistics,whichworkamongsuchlanguages,wherethereisatotalabsenceofwrittenrecords,andanalmosttotalabsenceofpriorscholarship.人类语言学用人类学的观点研究语言学，是人类学和语言学的交叉学科，重点研究那些毫无文字记载的，几乎没有早期学术研究的语言。•Relativetosociology,whichismainlyfocusedonthesocialgroupsofEuropeanandEuropeanizedcommunities,andconcernedwiththeirformationandinteraction,anthropologiststendtoconcentrateonculturesremotefromthoseoffamiliarEuropeanindustrializedcommunities,withparticularreferencestotheformandorganizationofdifferentcultures.•Itisindealingwithdistantandprimitivecultures,andwithlargelyunknownandhithertounstudiedlanguagesthattheanthropologistandlinguistcancomeclosesttogether.Whereworkersareinevitablyfew,andthelanguagesandpeoplesaremany,ourknowledgemaydependonthereportsandanalysesofoneor,atleast,ofasmallnumberofscholars.3.Schoolsandrepresentatives•美国学派以Boas，Sapir，Whorf为代表，他们都研究过美洲印第安语。Boas等人着重研究语言和人种学的关系，语言思维和文化的关系。Boas认为印欧语的语法范畴并不是普遍的。其思想经过Sapir和Whorf的发展，成为语言相对论，影响巨大也引起许多争论。•英国学派以Malinowsky为代表，后继者包括Block（研究传统社会中的政治语言和演讲术）Malinowsky研究西太平洋特罗布里安群岛土著语言、风俗习惯，论证了语义是由情景决定的，从社会的观点研究人类语言是这派研究的重点。•法国学派以C.Lvi-Strauss（斯特劳斯）为代表，他对神话故事文本作结构分析，影响颇大。法国学术界从梅耶开始就注重语言的社会性研究，他说“语言全然是人类行为，是纯粹的社会现象——因为没有语言社会的存在是难以想象的，没有人的社会就没有语言——社会条件决定语言”。这种观点具有国际性的影响。Sociolinguistics社会语言学Providedby林亚丽Sociolinguistics1.Definition2.DevelopmentofSociolinguistics3.Thescopeofenquiry4.Themethodsofenquiry5.Theleadingfigures1.Definition•Wecandefinesociolinguisticsasthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.(Hudson)•Sociolinguistsstudytherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Theyareinterestedinexplainingwhywespeakdifferentlyindifferentsocialcontexts,andtheyareconcernedwithidentifyingthesocialfunctionsoflanguageandthewaysitisusedtoconveysocialmeaning.(Holmes)•Sociolinguisticsormicro-sociolinguisticsisconcernedwithinvestigatingtherelationshipsbetweenlanguageandsocietywiththegoalbeingabetterunderstandingofthestructureoflanguageandofhowlanguagesfunctionincommunication.(Wardhaugh)Likeothersubjects,sociolinguisticsispartlyempiricalandpartlytheoretical---partlyamatterofgoingoutandamassingbodiesoffactandpartlyofsittingbackandthinking.Broad/narrowconceptionsofsociolinguisticsBroad:Macrolinguistics--socialemphasis(sociologyoflanguage)-Socialfunctionsoflanguage(nationalidentity,powerandsolidarity)-Politicalpolicy(urbanization,minoritygroupissues,education,languagepolicies)-Languageuseintheconstitutionofindividualidentity(Dialectshowwhereapersoncomesandregisterrevealswhathedoes.)-HowconversationalpatternssignifycommunitymembershipNarrow:microlinguistics--languageemphasis:variationatsomelevelofthegrammar(sociolinguistics)Eg,dialect,style,register...2.DevelopmentofSociolinguisticsIn1935,anEnglishlinguistJ.R.Firthinitiatedtheconcept“Sociologicallinguistics”,whichisalmosttheequivalentofpr