系统的运作与管理

國立交通大學計算機中心陳昌盛E-mail:[e-mail]系統的運作與管理UsenetNews系統的運作與管理•課程大綱Outline1.UsenetNews系統簡介2.NewssystemINN的相關操作設定3.其它類似Newssystem的簡介4.新近的Newssystem的發展趨勢UsenetNews系統簡介(1)•UsenetNews相關資訊/文件–RFC977,1036•977:傳送協定的規範•1036:Usenet文件的規範(e.g.檔頭header)–FAQ(e.g,INN,Dnews,…)–newsgroups•news.admin.*,主要談行政管理性質.•news.software.*,主要系統技術•tw.bbs.netnews,臺灣本地的技術討論區UsenetNews系統簡介(2)•Usenet管理書籍(INN+CNews)–O‘ReillyUsenetbook,1997年底出第一版•UsenetNews相關網站–~jeremy/news/––––系統簡介(3)•UsenetNews是什麼?–Usenet是一個邏輯型態的網路•logicalvsphysicalnetwork–傳統的8大分支•comp,humanity,misc,news,rec,sci,soc,talk–另類分支架構,e.g.alt.*–區域性架構•tw,hk,can,de,fj,fr,kr,...–其他•臺灣BBS與NetNews系統的結合Usenet的一般課題(1)•UsenetNews程式分類(Server,Agent,Client)–系統server(INN,DNews,...)–傳送程式(pushvspullmodel)•Push傳送:innfeed,nntplink,...•Pull傳送:suck,nntpget…–閱覽程式(線上vs離線閱覽)•netscape,ie,tin,…•UsenetNews傳送方式–mailing,UUCP,NNTP(RFC977)Usenet的一般課題(2)•News文章的檔頭(RFC1036)–Requiredheaders–Optionalheaders•News文章的分類–normalarticles(moderatedvsun-moderated)–controlmessages(cancel,newgroup,rmgroup,checkgroups,sendsys,version)•如何新建一個newsgroup–送newgroupcontrolmessageUsenet的一般課題(3)•articlesrefusedorrejected(NNTP)–refused(round1,存在historydatabase)–rejected(round2)•pseudonewsgroups(active)–control,junk–control.cancel,control.newgroup,control.rmgroupUsenet的一般課題(4)•轉換應用程式(applicationgateway)–mail2news,news2mail,bbs2news,…•anti-spamvsfiltering–匿名問題(anonymousposting)–cancelbot(automaticcancel)•PGPverify(controlmessages)•Filtering–NoCem(No-See-Them)–CleanfeedUsenetNewsserver的規畫•UsenetNewsserver的規畫–Network,Memory,Disk,CPU–UPSsystem•Memorysize–128Mbytes(themore,thebetter)•HardDisksize–Diskcapacity12Gbytes(themore,thebetter)–SCSIII,Wide(thenewer,thebetter)–Inodenumber=2kbytes/inode–Filesystem(hardwareorsoftwarediskarray)News系統的運作與管理課題•In-comingNews(接收)•Unbatching/decompression,Filing,..•Indexingsupport•Out-goingnewsfeeds(外送)•Expiration(清理過期文章)•Archive(永久保存)•系統記錄與製做統計報告關於news站的管理•建立外界連絡用的e-mailaddress–newsadmin,usenet,abuse–例如[e-mail]•建立newspeering關係–認識你的news上游管理者•建立第二個備援站(redundantbackupsite)UsenetserverINN的建置•UsenetNewssoftware的取得–*•INNServer的安裝–INNREADME–INNInstallationGuide(install.ms)–INNFAQPart8:AppendixA:Norman'sinstallguide•Master/slaveserversINN中典型的系統目錄•僅量分散原則•NewsLibraryDirectory–子目錄/usr/local/news/•bin,etc,lbin,lib,locks,man,run,var•NewsSpoolDirectory–子目錄/news/•archive,articles,in.coming,out.going,over.view•NewsLogDirectory–子目錄/var/log/newsINN上必須編輯設定的檔案•inn.conf,•hosts.nntp,nnrp.access•newsfeeds,innfeed.conf•active,history(*)•expire.ctl,innwatch.ctl,control.ctl•overview.fmt,moderators•innreport.conf(外加選項功能)INN的相關系統設定(1)•接收(In-comingconnection)–hosts.nntp,nnrp.acesss•儲存與內部處理(filing)–active,control.ctl•外送(out-goingnewsfeeding)–newsfeed,innfeed.conf(ornntpsend.ctl,…)•加掛特殊功能程式(overchan,crosspost,inpath,autoresponder,…)–newsfeedINN的相關系統設定(2)•定期清理(expiration;news.daily)–expire.ctl•系統監督(background程式)–innwatch.ctl•系統報告(news.daily)–innreport.conf•其他次要功能設定–moderators,passwd.nntp,...INN.conf的設定•範例#pathhost:如果不定,default就是FQDNpathhost:netnews.NCTU.edu.tworganization:NationalChiaoTungUniversity,Taiwanserver:localhostINN的hosts.nntp設定•格式hosthost:passwordhost:password:subscriptionnewsgroups•範例news.edu.tw:192.83.166.5:ccnews.nctu.edu.tw::!*,tw*,nctu.*,nthu.*INN的nnrp.access•標準格式host:perm:user:pass:groups•範例#----Defaultisnoaccess,nowaytoauthentication,andnogroups.*::-no-:-no-:!*#-----GeneralIPaddressrangesformostTaiwan'ssites*.tw:R:::*,!junk,!control*,!tw.bbs.adm.*,!alt.binaries.*#------NCTU-NationalChiaoTungUniversity140.113.*:Read:::*,!junk,!control*,!twbbs.adm.**nctu.edu.tw:ReadPost:::*,!junk,!control*,!twbbs.adm.*INN的newsfeeds設定(1)•標準格式site[/exclude,exclude,...]\:pattern,pattern...[/distrib,distrib...]\:flag,flag...\:param•詳細說明請參閱manpage-newsfeeds(5)INN的newsfeeds設定(2)•範例ME:!*/!local::##Createthelinksforcross-postedarticlesxpost:*:Tc,Ap,WR,B4096/1024:/usr/local/news/bin/crosspost##NewsoverviewNOV!:*:Tc,WO,B4096/1024:/usr/local/news/bin/overchan#innfeed-0.10.1,86/04/22innf!:!*:Tc,Wnm*,B4096/1024\:/usr/local/news/lbin/startinnfeed-c/news/innfeed/innfeed.conf#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CC1/news.nctu.edu.tw,ccnews.nctu.edu.tw\:*,!control*,!junk\:Tm,G20:innf!關於feed型態特別說明•FeedType–Tc,channelmode–Tm,funnelmode–Tf,filemode–Tp,program(orpipe)mode–Tx,explodermodeINN的expire.ctl設定•格式/remember/:keeppatterns:modflag:keep:default:purge•範例/remember/:10##Keepfor1-10days,allowExpiresheaderstowork.#Generalexpirepolicyformostnewsgroups*:A:0:0:0*:U:1:1:31*:M:1:7:31tw.*:U:1:7:31*.answers:M:1:31:31INN的control.ctl設定•格式message:from:newsgroups:action•action型態–cancel,newgroup,rmgroup,ihave/sendme,sendsys,checkgrup,version,“all”•範例all:*:*:mailcheckgroups:*:*:log=checkgroupssendsys:*:*:log=sendsysnewgroup:[e-mail]:tw.*:doit=new