经济策略英文指导书 澳大利亚

ECO3002EconomicpolicyanalysisFacultyofBusinessStudybookPublishedbyUniversityofSouthernQueenslandToowoombaQueensland4350Australia©UniversityofSouthernQueensland,2010.6.CopyrightedmaterialsreproducedhereinareusedundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightAct1968asamended,orasaresultofapplicationtothecopyrightowner.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwisewithoutpriorpermission.ProducedbytheDistanceande-LearningCentreusingtheICEPublishingSystem.TableofcontentsPageModule1–Importantconceptsineconomicpolicy1Objectives1Learningresources1Introduction11.1Thepublicsectorinamixedeconomy21.2Economicrationaleforpublicpolicy21.3Publicproductionofgoodsandservices31.3.1Preliminarycomment31.3.2Publicproduction:publicandprivategoods41.3.3Publicgoods:efficiencyconditions41.3.4Publicproduction:thetheoryofpublicchoice51.3.5Publicproduction:publicproductionofprivategoods51.4Externalities6Conclusion7Module2–Techniquesofeconomicanalysisandimpactassessment9Objectives9Learningresources9Introduction92.1Cost-benefitanalysis102.2Cost-effectivenessanalysis112.3Input-outputanalysis112.4Computablegeneralequilibriummodelling12Conclusion13Module3–Issuesineconomicpolicy:microeconomicpolicyandreform15Objectives15Learningresources15Introduction153.1Watermarket–policyandreform163.1.1Waterpolicyandreform173.1.2Waterpricing173.1.3Watertrading173.1.4Modellingwaterdemand173.2Privatisation183.3Healthcare18Module4–Issuesineconomicpolicy:macroeconomicpolicyandreform19Objectives19Learningresources19Introduction194.1Stabilisationandstructuraladjustment204.2Macroeconomicpolicies21Conclusion21Module5–Publicsectorexpenditures23Objectives23Learningresources23Introduction235.1Publicsectorbudgeting245.1.1Preliminarycomment245.1.2Theaccountingframework245.1.3Fundingandthebudgetcycle245.1.4Expenditureandrevenueplanning255.2Publicexpenditurepolicies265.2.1Introduction265.2.2Analysisofexpenditurepolicy265.3Macroeconomicstabilisation27Conclusion27Module6–Publicsectorrevenues29Objectives29Learningresources29Introduction296.1Principlesoftaxation306.2Taxation,efficiencyandequity316.2.1Preliminarycomment316.2.2Consumptionandsavings316.2.3Labourmarkets316.2.4Optimaltaxation326.3Alternativetaxbases:taxationofcapital326.4Alternativesourcesofrevenue336.5Macroeconomicstabilisation33Conclusion34ECO3002–Economicpolicyanalysis1Module1–ImportantconceptsineconomicpolicyObjectivesOnceyouhavecompletedthismoduleyoushouldbeableto:●explainwhygovernmentsareimportantinstitutionsinmixedeconomies●outlinetheimportanceofbothmarketandgovernmentfailuresinthecontextoftheeconomicsystem●discussreasonsofmarketfailuresandtheroleofgovernmentintervention●discussthepublicprovisionofpublicandprivategoods●definetwocriticalpropertiesofpurepublicgoods●explaintheefficiencyconditionsforpublicgoodprovision●explainhowvotingimpactsuponprovisionofpublicgoods●explaintheroleofexternalitiesinpolicyformulation.Learningresources●Studymodule1.●Stiglitz,chs1,3,4,5,6,7,8and9.IntroductionThismoduleisthebasisuponwhichtherestofthecourseisbuilt.Itintroducesimportantconceptsineconomicpolicyandprovidessomediscussionofdebatesabouttheroleofgovernmentsintheeconomicsystem,includingthepresentdebateabouteffectivenessofpublicpolicy.Youmightbesurprisedtofindthateveninthisfirstmodulethereisaconsiderabledegreeofrigour.IfyouhavetroubleunderstandingthematerialyoumightneedtobrushuponECO1000Economics,whichistheprerequisitecourseforEconomicpolicyanalysis.Inaddition,ifyouhavenotcompletedECO2001Microeconomicsforbusinessandgovernment,oryourmemoryofithasbeendulledbytime,youcouldreviewanyintermediatemicroeconomicstext(forexamplethatbyPindyckandRubinfeld).2ECO3002–Economicpolicyanalysis1.1ThepublicsectorinamixedeconomyReadStiglitz,chapter1.Makesurethatyoucan:●definethefollowingterms:publicsectormixedeconomymarketfailuregovernmentfailure●relatetheactivitiesofthepublicsectortothefourfundamentalissuesofchoice,namely:whatistobeproduced?howisittobeproduced?forwhomisittobeproduced?howarecollectivedecisionstobemade?●explainthedifferencesbetweenpositiveandnormativeeconomicsinthecontextofeconomicpolicy●explainthemainsourcesofdisagreementamongeconomistsabouttheroleofthepublicsectorinamixedeconomy.YouwillhavenoticedthatStiglitzdiscussesthepublicsectorinthecontextoftheAmericaneconomy.Despitethis,mostofthechapterisrelevanttoallmixedeconomies.1.2EconomicrationaleforpublicpolicyReadStiglitz,chapters3,4and5.Inchapter3,StiglitzintroducesthefamousSmithian‘invisiblehand’andoutlinesthetwofundamentaltheoremsofwelfareeconomics.Thefirsttheoremstatesthatcompetitivemarketsleadtoefficientresourceallocation;thesecondstatesthat,providedresourceallocationisefficient,everypointontheutilitypossibilitiescurvecanbeattainedbyacompetitiveeconomy.Inchapter4,Stiglitzthenoutlinessixcircumstancesunderwhichcompetitivemarketsfailtodeliverefficiency.Furthermorehearguesthatevenifthemarketoutcomeisefficient,itmightbeundesirableeitherbecausedistributionofincomeamongho