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填空题热点练热点2盖斯定律的应用1.联氨(又称联肼,N2H4,无色液体)是一种应用广泛的化工原料,可用作火箭燃料,回答下列问题:①2O2(g)+N2(g)===N2O4(l)ΔH1②N2(g)+2H2(g)===N2H4(l)ΔH2③O2(g)+2H2(g)===2H2O(g)ΔH3④2N2H4(l)+N2O4(l)===3N2(g)+4H2O(g)ΔH4=-1048.9kJ/mol上述反应热效应之间的关系式为ΔH4=__________________________,联氨和N2O4可作为火箭推进剂的主要原因为_______________________。答案2ΔH3-2ΔH2-ΔH1反应放热量大、产生大量气体解析根据盖斯定律,2×③-2×②-①即得2N2H4(l)+N2O4(l)===3N2(g)+4H2O(g),所以反应热效应之间的关系式为ΔH4=2ΔH3-2ΔH2-ΔH1。联氨有强还原性,N2O4有强氧化性,两者在一起易发生氧化还原反应,反应放热量大、产生大量气体,所以联氨和N2O4可作为火箭推进剂。2.已知:C(s,石墨)+O2(g)===CO2(g)ΔH1=-393.5kJ·mol-12H2(g)+O2(g)===2H2O(l)ΔH2=-571.6kJ·mol-12C2H2(g)+5O2(g)===4CO2(g)+2H2O(l)ΔH3=-2599kJ·mol-1根据盖斯定律,计算反应2C(s,石墨)+H2(g)===C2H2(g)的ΔH=________________________。答案+226.7kJ·mol-1解析①C(s,石墨)+O2(g)===CO2(g)ΔH1=-393.5kJ·mol-1,②2H2(g)+O2(g)===2H2O(l)ΔH2=-571.6kJ·mol-1,③2C2H2(g)+5O2(g)===4CO2(g)+2H2O(l)ΔH3=-2599kJ·mol-1;根据盖斯定律计算①×2+②×12-③×12得2C(s,石墨)+H2(g)===C2H2(g)ΔH=(-393.5kJ·mol-1)×2+12×(-571.6kJ·mol-1)-12×(-2599kJ·mol-1)=+226.7kJ·mol-1。3.由金红石(TiO2)制取单质Ti,涉及的步骤为:TiO2―→TiCl4――→镁/800℃/ArTi已知:①C(s)+O2(g)===CO2(g)ΔH1=-393.5kJ·mol-1②2CO(g)+O2(g)===2CO2(g)ΔH2=-566kJ·mol-1③TiO2(s)+2Cl2(g)===TiCl4(s)+O2(g)ΔH3=+141kJ·mol-1则TiO2(s)+2Cl2(g)+2C(s)===TiCl4(s)+2CO(g)的ΔH=__________________。答案-80kJ·mol-1解析由③+①×2-②可得TiO2(s)+2Cl2(g)+2C(s)===TiCl4(s)+2CO(g),则ΔH=ΔH3+ΔH1×2-ΔH2=-80kJ·mol-1。4.甲醇质子交换膜燃料电池中将甲醇蒸气转化为氢气的两种反应的热化学方程式如下:①CH3OH(g)+H2O(g)===CO2(g)+3H2(g)ΔH=+49.0kJ·mol-1②CH3OH(g)+12O2(g)===CO2(g)+2H2(g)ΔH=-192.9kJ·mol-1又知③H2O(g)===H2O(l)ΔH=-44kJ·mol-1,则甲醇蒸气燃烧生成液态水的热化学方程式为____________________________________________________________________________________。答案CH3OH(g)+32O2(g)===CO2(g)+2H2O(l)ΔH=-764.7kJ·mol-1解析根据盖斯定律计算(②×3-①×2+③×2)得:CH3OH(g)+32O2(g)===CO2(g)+2H2O(l)ΔH=3×(-192.9kJ·mol-1)-2×49.0kJ·mol-1+(-44kJ·mol-1)×2=-764.7kJ·mol-1。5.已知:①H2的热值为142.9kJ·g-1(热值是表示单位质量的燃料完全燃烧生成稳定的化合物时所放出的热量)②N2(g)+2O2(g)===2NO2(g)ΔH=+133kJ·mol-1③H2O(g)===H2O(l)ΔH=-44kJ·mol-1催化剂存在下,H2还原NO2生成水蒸气和其他无毒物质的热化学方程式:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。答案4H2(g)+2NO2(g)===N2(g)+4H2O(g)ΔH=-1100.2kJ·mol-1解析已知:①H2的热值为142.9kJ·g-1,则H2(g)+12O2(g)===H2O(l)ΔH=-285.8kJ·mol-1;②N2(g)+2O2(g)===2NO2(g)ΔH=+133kJ·mol-1;③H2O(g)===H2O(l)ΔH=-44kJ·mol-1;根据盖斯定律由①×4-②-③×4可得4H2(g)+2NO2(g)===4H2O(g)+N2(g)ΔH=(-285.8kJ·mol-1)×4-(+133kJ·mol-1)-(-44kJ·mol-1)×4=-1100.2kJ·mol-1。6.能源问题是人类社会面临的重大课题,H2、CO、CH3OH都是重要的能源物质,它们的燃烧热依次为285.8kJ·mol-1、282.5kJ·mol-1、726.7kJ·mol-1。已知CO和H2在一定条件下可以合成甲醇CO(g)+2H2(g)===CH3OH(l)。则CO与H2反应合成甲醇的热化学方程式为_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。答案CO(g)+2H2(g)===CH3OH(l)ΔH=-127.4kJ·mol-1解析根据目标反应与三种反应热的关系,利用盖斯定律,计算出目标反应的反应热ΔH=2×(-285.8kJ·mol-1)+(-282.5kJ·mol-1)-(-726.7kJ·mol-1)=-127.4kJ·mol-1。7.已知:25℃、101kPa时,Mn(s)+O2(g)===MnO2(s)ΔH=-520kJ·mol-1S(s)+O2(g)===SO2(g)ΔH=-297kJ·mol-1Mn(s)+S(s)+2O2(g)===MnSO4(s)ΔH=-1065kJ·mol-1则SO2与MnO2反应生成无水MnSO4的热化学方程式是________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。答案MnO2(s)+SO2(g)===MnSO4(s)ΔH=-248kJ·mol-1解析将题给三个热化学方程式依次编号为①②③,根据盖斯定律,由③-①-②可得SO2(g)+MnO2(s)===MnSO4(s)ΔH=(-1065kJ·mol-1)-(-520kJ·mol-1)-(-297kJ·mol-1)=-248kJ·mol-1。8.已知下列热化学方程式:①Fe2O3(s)+3CO(g)===2Fe(s)+3CO2(g)ΔH=-25kJ·mol-1②3Fe2O3(s)+CO(g)===2Fe3O4(s)+CO2(g)ΔH=-47kJ·mol-1③Fe3O4(s)+CO(g)===3FeO(s)+CO2(g)ΔH=+19kJ·mol-1写出FeO(s)被CO还原成Fe和CO2的热化学方程式:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。答案FeO(s)+CO(g)===Fe(s)+CO2(g)ΔH=-11kJ·mol-1解析①×3-②-③×2就可得6FeO(s)+6CO(g)===6Fe(s)+6CO2(g)ΔH=-66kJ·mol-1,即FeO(s)+CO(g)===Fe(s)+CO2(g)ΔH=-11kJ·mol-1。9.已知:①2Cu2S(s)+3O2(g)===2Cu2O(s)+2SO2(g)ΔH=-768.2kJ·mol-1②2Cu2O(s)+Cu2S(s)===6Cu(s)+SO2(g)ΔH=+116.0kJ·mol-1则Cu2S(s)+O2(g)===2Cu(s)+SO2(g)ΔH=____________________。解析根据盖斯定律,将方程式13×(①+②)得Cu2S(s)+O2(g)===2Cu(s)+SO2(g)ΔH=13×(-768.2+116.0)kJ·mol-1=-217.4kJ·mol-1。答案-217.4kJ·mol-1
本文标题:(全国通用)2020版高考化学二轮复习 专题提分填空题热点练 热点2 盖斯定律的应用课件
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