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-1-第三讲理清文架构——核心抓段落构成——知主题句一、段落的构成英语文章段落结构一般由三部分构成:主题句(topicsentence),扩展句(developmentsentence)和结论句(closingsentence/concludingsentence)。主题句点出段落的主题,扩展句解释说明或论证主题,结论句总结、归纳或概括主题。1.主题句主题句,就是段落的核心句、纲领句、主旨句、中心思想句,言简意赅,主旨鲜明。它是段落的灵魂,表达段落的主题,在英语文章段落中居于主导地位,其他句子都要围绕它而展开。英语文章一般喜欢开宗明义,所以主题句一般位于文章段首,但有时也在段中或段尾。2.扩展句扩展句就是为主题句起解释说明或论证作用的句子。扩展句一般长度适中,有一定的条理和逻辑。扩展句的展开方法多种多样,通常采用的方法有举例说明、描述、定义、比较对照、因果分析、分类等。3.结论句结论句就是总结句,会重述或总结段落的中心论点,与主题句相呼应。需要指出的是,英文段落中结论句并不多见,我们通常看到英语的文章段落结构60%一70%都是由“主题句+扩展句”构成。[典例]Whyfictionissuperiortotextbooksliesintheirimagination(主题句:以自问自答的方式提出段落主题).Authorsofthefictionsalwayscreateattractivecharacterssoastogivehisopinionaboutnatureandthesocietyaswellaslife(扩展句1).Itnotonlyprovidesknowledge,butalsoteachesuswhatistherightattitudetowardlife(扩展句2).Forinstance,wecanlearnfromGonewiththeWindhowtobeastrongwilledperson;fromJackLondon,howtolovelife(扩展句3:基于上述观点,进一步举例说明).Wecanbestimulatedtoovercomeallobstaclestorealizeourambitions(扩展句4).So,fictionsenablepeopletoformtheirpositiveviewoflife,thespiritofoptimismandinvinciblecourage,andprovideuswithanopportunitytolearnandtopractice,whiletextbooksbarelycan(结论句:归纳总结段落主题).二、段落主题句的位置在进行阅读理解时,我们要善于找出段落的主题句,这样才能抓住文章段落的中心思想(controllingidea)。主题句在段落中的位置并不是一成不变的,而是根据作者组织段落的方法或强调的重点而定。大多数情况下,主题句在段首,有时会在段中或段尾。无论主题句的位置在哪儿,主题句都包含一个逻辑性强且层次分明的中心思想。-2-1.主题句在段首这是主题句在段落结构中最常见的位置,这种安排开门见山,点出主题,读者可以迅速了解文章主旨。[典例]Althoughsmokinghasbeenapopularhabitforcenturies,ithasalwayshaditsenemies(主题句).SomeAmericanIndiansadvisedyoungbravesnottosmoketoomuchbecausetobaccowouldcuttheirwind(削弱力量)inahuntorabattle.KingJamesⅠofEnglandcalledsmoking“abranchofthesinofdrunkenness,whichistherootofallsins”.BenJohnson,theplaywright,saidsmokingwas“goodfornothingbuttochokeamanandfillhimfullofsmokeandembers”.Popularslangcalledcigarettes“coffinnails”longbeforethemedicalevidenceonthehardfromsmokingwascomplete.NoweverypackageofcigarettesandeveryadvertisementforcigarettesmustcarryawarningfromtheSurgeonGeneral(卫生局局长)thatsmokingishazardoustohealth.2.主题句在段中主题句出现在段中时,位于主题句之前的部分通常起到承上启下的作用,而主题句后面的部分则围绕主题句展开讨论或阐述。此类主题句并不一定在段落正中位置,可能靠近段首,也可能与段中的结论句相邻。[典例]Myparentshavegoneoutfortheevening.JustasIsettledowntoreadorwatchTV,mylittlebrotherdemandsthatIplaywithhim.IfIgetatelephonecall,hescreamsinthebackgroundorknockssomethingover.Ialwayshavetohanguptofindoutwhat'swrongwithhim.Babysittingmybrotherisnofun(主题句).Herefusestoletmeeatasnackinpeace.UsuallyhewantshalfofwhateverIhavetoeat.Thenwhenhefinallygrowstired,ittakesaboutanhourforhimtofallasleep.3.主题句在段尾主题句位于段落的结尾,是对段落主旨进行概括和总结。主题句位于段尾的好处是会给读者留下深刻印象。[典例]Somepeopledreamofstarringroles,theirnamesinlights,andtheirpicturesonthecoverofmagazines.Somewouldevengooutoftheirwaytogettheirname.However,Iamnotoneofthesepeople.Afamouspersongivesupprivatelife,feelspressuredallthetime,andisnevercompletelysafe.So,letsomeoneelsehavethatcoverstory,takethestarringrolesandhaveabigname.I'dratherleadanordinary,butcalmliferatherthanastressfilledpublicone(主题句).理段落展开——析句间关系-3-在段落中,—般会有两个甚至多个扩展句对中心思想进行论证、解释,这也就是段落的展开。段落的展开模式多种多样。这里我们着重介绍9种段落展开模式。列举型列举法是比较常见的段落展开法。按此类方法展开的段落中,作者会先点明主题,提出论点,然后列举一系列的论据进行陈述或解释。列举的内容可以是一系列的事物、事件、理由或者一个问题的不同方面。列举的顺序可以是时间的先后、地理位置的远近或者内容的相对重要性等。[典例]Thesentencesinmostwellwrittenparagraphsmaybeanalyzedintothreegeneralfunctions.First,thereareparagraphintroducers,whicharesentencesthatestablishthetopicfocusoftheparagraphasawhole(列举1).Second,thereareparagraphdevelopers,whichpresentexamplesordetailsofvariouskindsthatsupporttheideassetforthbytheparagraphintroducers(列举2).Third,thereareparagraphterminators,whichlogicallyconcludetheideasdiscussedintheparagraphinapsychologicallysatisfyingmanner(列举3).Notallpiecesofwritingwillconformtothisanalysis;however,mostsuccessfulparagraphsusuallycontainthesamecombinationofthesethreesentencetypes.举例型举例法是用具体的事例来说明段落主题,也是一种常见的段落展开方法。此类段落中,作者往往开门见山,点出主题,然后列举具体事例(一个主要例子或多个相关例子)进行说明。所举事例一般较具体,可以是日常事件、现象、个人经历、名人轶事等等。[典例]Theabilitytowritewellorganized,concise(精确的)paragraphsisessential(必要的)toastudent'ssuccessinalmostalluniversitycourses.Inpreparingscientificreportsoflaboratoryexperiments,astudentmustpresenthisorherfindingsinlogicalorderandclearlanguageinordertoreceiveafavorableevaluation(评价)ofhisorherwork(举例1).Inwritingsuccessfulanswerstoessayquestionsonhistoryoranthropology(人类学)examinations,astudentmustarrangetherelevantfactsandopinionsaccordingtosomeacceptedpatternofparagraphstructure(举例2).AndcertainlyinwritingabookreportforEnglish,oracritique(评论)forpoliticalstudies,oratermpaperforsociology,astudentmustpayattentiontothestyleandorganizationaswellasthecontent(举例3).Clearly,skillinexpositorywriting(说明文)iscrucialtosuccessfulachievementsinmostuniversitysubjects.描述型-4-段落也可以用描述的方法来展开。常见的描述法有三种:时间顺序、空间顺序和过程顺序。这三种模式使段落的层次体现了一定的次序关系。用这种模式展开段落,作者能够清楚连贯地交代事物的本末,读者可以容易地理解段落的主旨。1.时间顺序这种方法主要是以事情发生的时间顺序或先后次序来展开段落。常出现在描述历史、时事、人物或事件的发展过程的文章中。描述顺序有“顺序”、“倒序”和“插序”。[典例]BillGatessteppeddownaschiefexecutiveofficerofMicrosoftinJanuary,2000.Heremainedaschairmanandcreatedthepositionofchiefsoftwarearchitect.InJune,2006,GatesannouncedthathewouldbetransitioningfromfulltimeworkatMicrosofttoparttimew
本文标题:山东省2020届新高考英语大二轮总复习 第二板块 阅读理解与阅读七选五 第3讲 理清文架构——核心教
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