GMAT作文黄金80题范文

新GMAT作文黄金80题范文二．AnalysisofArgumentQuestions1.ThefollowingappearedaspartofanannualreportsenttostockholdersbyOlympicFoods,aprocessoroffrozenfoods.“Overtime,thecostsofprocessinggodownbecauseasorganizationslearnhowtodothingsbetter,theybecomemoreefficient.Incolorfilmprocessing,forexample,thecostofa3-by-5-inchprintfellfrom50centsforfive-dayservicein1970to20centsforone-dayservicein1984.Thesameprincipleappliestotheprocessingoffood.AndsinceOlympicFoodswillsooncelebrateitstwenty-fifthbirthday,wecanexpectthatourlongexperiencewillenableustominimizecostsandthusmaximizeprofits.”下面摘自一家冷冻食品处理商（processor）奥林匹克食品提交给股东的年报：随着时间流逝，由于机构了解了做好事情的方法进而提高了效率，处理的成本会降低。比如在彩色胶卷处理方面，3/5英寸照片的成本从1970年的5天50cent降至1984年的1天20cent。同样的规律适用于食品处理方面。由于奥林匹克食品即将庆祝它的25岁生日，我们可以指望我们长期的经验会使我们达到最小的成本和最大的利润。1.falseanalogy:Thefoodindustryisnotanalogoustothecolorfilmindustry.2.causaloversimplification:Otherfactorsthatmaycontributettothecostdeclineoftheprintingcostshouldbeconsideredandruledout.3.gratuitousassumption:Theconclusionoftheargumentisbasedonagratuitousassumptionthatthecompanycanminimizecostandmaximizeprofitbecausethecompanyhasbeenconductedfor25years.1.2.错误类比：colorfilmprocessing和processingoffood不相同。problemsofspoilage,contamination,andtimelytransportation都只影响food不影响film.同时，忽略他因。是否是因为组织更有效率才使COST下降的？很可能是materialnecessaryfortheprocess下降了价钱。所以，两者更不同。3.gratuitousassumption：二十五年不代表学到了很多。很可能什么都没学到，或者技术已经outofdate.Citingfactsdrawnfromthecolor-filmprocessingindustrythatindicateadownwardtrendinthecostsoffilmprocessingovera24-yearperiod,theauthorarguesthatOlympicFoodswilllikewisebeabletominimizecostsandthusmaximizeprofitsinthefuture.Insupportofthisconclusiontheauthorcitesthegeneralprinciplethat“asorganizationslearnhowtodothingsbetter,theybecomemoreefficient.”Thisprinciple,coupledwiththefactthatOlympicFoodshashad25yearsofexperienceinthefoodprocessingindustryleadstotheauthor’srosyprediction.Thisargumentisunconvincingbecauseitsuffersfromtwocriticalflaws.First,theauthor’sforecastofminimalcostsandmaximumprofitsrestsonthegratuitousassumptionthatOlympicFoods’“longexperience”hastaughtithowtodothingsbetter.Thereis,however,noguaranteethatthisisthecase.Nordoestheauthorciteanyevidencetosupportthisassumption.Justaslikely,OlympicFoodshaslearnednothingfromits25yearsinthefood-processingbusiness.Lackingthisassumption,theexpectationofincreasedefficiencyisentirelyunfounded.Second,itishighlydoubtfulthatthefactsdrawnfromthecolor-filmprocessingindustryareapplicabletothefoodprocessingindustry.Differencesbetweenthetwoindustriesclearlyoutweighthesimilarities,thusmakingtheanalogyhighlylessthanvalid.Forexample,problemsofspoilage,contamination,andtimelytransportationallaffectthefoodindustrybutarevirtuallyabsentinthefilm-processingindustry.Problemssuchasthesemightpresentinsurmountable不可抗拒的obstaclesthatpreventloweringfood-processingcostsinthefuture.Asitstandstheauthor’sargumentisnotcompelling.TostrengthentheconclusionthatOlympicFoodswillenjoyminimalcostsandmaximumprofitsinthefuture,theauthorwouldhavetoprovideevidencethatthecompanyhaslearnedhowtodothingsbetterasaresultofits25yearsofexperience.Supportingexamplesdrawnfromindustriesmoresimilartothefood-processingindustrywouldfurthersubstantiate证实theauthor’sview.2.ThefollowingappearedinamemorandumfromthebusinessdepartmentoftheApogeeCompany.“WhentheApogeeCompanyhadallitsoperationsinonelocation,itwasmoreprofitablethanitistoday.Therefore,theApogeeCompanyshouldclosedownitsfieldofficesandconductallitsoperationsfromasinglelocation.Suchcentralizationwouldimproveprofitabilitybycuttingcostsandhelpingthecompanymaintainbettersupervisionofallemployees.”下面摘自APogee公司的商务部门的备忘录：当Apogee将它所有的业务部门集中在一处时，它将有比现在更多的利润。因此，Apogee应该关闭它的驻外办公室并从单一场所管理它的所有部门。这样的话，集中会通过削减成本提高利润，并帮助公司更好地对所有员工进行监督。1.causaloversimplification:Itisimprudenttoconcludethattheestablishmentofthefieldofficesistheonlyreasonexplainingthedeclineoftheprofit.2.allthingsareequal:Thesuccessofthecentralizationofthepastdoesnotguaranteetheapplicabilityinthefuture.3.either-or-orchoice:Theauthorassumesthatthecentralizationandtheestablishmentoffieldofficesaremutuallyexclusivealternatives,thereisnomiddlegroundbetweentheytwo.Infact,wecanhavethefieldofficesundercentralizedcontrol.InthisargumenttheauthorconcludesthattheApogeeCompanyshouldclosedownfieldofficesandconductallitsoperationsfromasingle,centralizedlocationbecausethecompanyhadbeenmoreprofitableinthepastwhenallitsoperationswereinonelocation.Foracoupleofreasons,thisargumentisnotveryconvincing.First,theauthorassumesthatcentralizationwouldimproveprofitabilitybycuttingcostsandstreamliningsupervisionofemployees.Thisassumptionisneversupportedwithanydataorprojections.Moreover,theassumptionfailstotakeintoaccountcostincreasesandinefficiencythatcouldresultfromcentralization.Forinstance,companyrepresentativeswouldhavetotraveltodobusinessinareasformerlyservedbyafieldoffice,creatingtravelcostsandlossofcriticaltime.Inshort,thisassumptionmustbesupportedwithathoroughcost-benefitanalysisofcentralizationversusotherpossiblecost-cuttingand/orprofit-enhancingstrategies.Second,theon