Handbook of Filters and Filtration

FiltersandFiltrationHandbookThispageintentionallyleftblankFiltersandFiltrationHandbookFifthEditionKenSutherlandAMSTERDAM•BOSTON•HIEDELBERG•LONDONNEWYORK•OXFORD•PARIS•SANDIEGOSANFRANCISCO•SINGAPORE•SYDNEY•TOKYOButterworth-HeinemannisanimprintofElsevierButterworth-HeinemannisanimprintofElsevierLinacreHouse,JordanHill,OxfordOX28DP,UK30CorporateDrive,Suite400,Burlington,MA01803,USAFifthedition2008Copyright©2008ElsevierLtd.AllrightsreservedNopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwisewithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisherPermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScienceandTechnologyRightsDepartmentinOxford,UK:phone[phone];fax[phone];email:[e-mail]tyourrequestonlinebyvisitingtheElsevierwebsiteat:978-1-8561-7464-0ForinformationonallElsevierLimitedpublicationsvisitourwebsiteat(AMacmillanCompany),Chennai,IndiaflushingandSelf-cleaningFilters1723N.LeafandPlateFilters1763O.FilterPresses1833P.BeltPresses1893Q.VariableVolumeFilters1903R.ScrewPresses1923S.Cross-flowandMembraneSystems1923T.MagneticFilters1983U.ElectricallyAidedFilters2043V.Deep-BedFilters205SECTION4LiquidFiltration2094A.Introduction2094B.BulkWaterFilters2104C.DrinkingWaterFilters2244D.ProcessWaterTreatment2314E.MunicipalandIndustrialWastewaterTreatment2384F.ProcessFilters2474G.SurfaceTreatmentChemicals2674H.MetalWorkingFluids2764I.DewateringandFuelTreatment290SECTION5OilsandHydraulicSystems2955A.Introduction2955B.EngineFilters2955C.Oil–waterSeparators3125D.OilCleaning3205E.HydraulicSystems331SECTION6GasFiltration3696A.Introduction3696B.IndoorAirQuality3706C.FumeandVapourEmissions3916D.DustCollectors4026E.MachineAirIntakeFilters4166F.VehicleCabinFilters4216G.CompressedAirFiltration4226H.PneumaticSystems4356I.SterileAirandGasFilters4376J.RespiratoryAirFilters444CONTENTSviSECTION7OtherTypesofSeparationEquipment4517A.Introduction4517B.SedimentingSeparators4547C.Centrifuges4587D.CyclonesandHydrocyclones4737E.Coalescers4747F.WetandDryScrubbers4787G.MistEliminators4817H.ElectrostaticPrecipitators485SECTION8FilterSelection4898A.Introduction4898B.FilterSelection4898C.ReferenceStandards505Index507CONTENTSviiviiiPREFACEIntheever-changingworldoffiltration,oneoftheconstantsformanyyearshasbeentheavailabilityinprintoftheengineer’sreferencebook,theFiltersandFiltrationHandbook,as,inthewordsofthePrefacetotheFourthEdition,‘afirstsourceofreferenceandpracticalguidetofiltrationandseparationproductsandtheirapplications’.Itdidnothavetoopromisingastart:IhaveacopyoftheFirstEdition,andareviewofitby‘anauthorityonsolid-liquidseparation’,whichbegins:‘At£48,thismustbethejokebookofthedecade,sinceitreallycannotbetakenseriously’.Derek’sharshwords(foritwas,indeed,DerekPurchaswhowrotethatscathingreview)didnotprevail,andachangefirstofauthor,toChristopherDickenson,andthenofpublisher,toElsevier,hasseenitsuccessfullythroughthreemoreeditions,someofwhichwerereprinted.WhichbringsustothisFifthEdition,whichmayjustifiablybeconsideredtheSilverJubileeedition,sinceitis25yearssincetheFirstEditionwaspublished.WithChristophernowretired,thepublishershavebroughtinanewauthor,taskedwithproducingaHandbookforthenewmillennium.Filtrationisacuriouslymixedprocess,withsomeveryoldtechnologiesandsomeverynewones.Muchthatisoldisalsounchanged,butnotallofit,whilesomeofthenewtechnologywouldhardlyhavebeennoticedfortheFirstEdition.Oneofthemajorchangesthatthequarter-centuryhasbroughtisthecontrollinginfluenceoflegislationenactednationallyorinternationallyandcoveringawiderangeofend-useindustrysectors,primarilyinfluencingtheirenvironmentalimpact,allthewayfromextractionofr