中国民用油漆铅限量和铅污染

中国民用油漆铅限量和铅污染LimitandContentofPaintLeadinChina广州市疾病预防控制中心林国桢中国有色金属工业协会统计（）Chinayielded3.71milliontonofleadduring2009andhadbecomethenumber1producerofleadfor8yearsandtheleadwereusedasfollow:Batteryindustry72％Chemicalindustry(PbO)15％Leadalloyandmaterial7％Other6%我国近年铅产量和用途YieldandpurposeofleadinChina油漆中加入铅的用途PurposesforleadaddedintopaintsPaintfiller,toimprovepaint’sstickiness；Colour,redandyellowforexample；Antirust,toprotectmetalware;Drier,tomakepaint’ssurfacebrighter.GB6675-1986《玩具安全》：油漆总铅≤2500mg/kg，可溶性铅≤250mg/kg。GB188581-2001《室内装饰装修材料溶剂型木器涂料中有害物质限量》GB188582-2001《室内装饰装修材料内墙涂料中有害物质限量》GB6675-2003年《国家玩具安全技术规范》可溶性铅≤90mg/kg民用油漆的有关国家标准Chineseleadlimitstandardincommonpaint1．Leadedgasoline2．Lead-basedpaint3．Stationeryandtoyswithlead4.Foodanddrinkwaterpollutedbylead5.Leadsmeltorbattery,recycleindustry6.Sometraditionalmedicine儿童铅中毒的几种来源Sourcesofchildrenleadpoisoning儿童摄入油漆铅的途径Routesforchildrentointakepaintlead1.Agedpaint→shellandfalloff→chipping→powder→mouth2.Agedpaint→shellandfalloff→chipping→directlyatebymouth3.Toyswithlead→gnawedorbitten→leaddissolvedinsaliva玩具和文具油漆层中铅的含量Leadcontentinpaintcoveringthesurfaceoftoysandwritingtools佘小鸣（中华预防医学杂志.1991）在1990年检测了北京市场23种玩具的漆层，有７种玩具的可溶性铅含量超过250mg/kg，超标率30.4%。林国桢等（中国学校卫生.2003）于2001年对广州市场学生用铅笔抽检，共抽检9个厂家产品，油漆涂层超标6个，超标率66.7%，最高超标17倍。墙壁涂层中铅的含量Leadcontentofpaintsusedonhousewalls高万珍等（中华预防医学杂志.1999）于1999年对北京高17所幼儿园教室内墙脱落的漆皮检测：总铅均值:235.5mg/kg，最小值:66.5mg/kg，最大值:6538.1mg/kg，CI95%:113.1~489.7mg/kg何稼敏等（中华预防医学杂志.1998）在1997年对在上海市面销售的18个油漆品种进行检测，就发现有16.7%的铅含量超标Clark等（Environ.Res.2006）2006年对上海的市售油漆抽检9个，其中有5个（56%）超过600mg/kg，包括4个（44%）超过了5000mg/kg市售新油漆中铅的含量Leadcontentinnewpaintsonshelf1.对市售油漆抽样检测，用原子吸收法检测铅含量2.对现存正脱落的油漆采样，用原子吸收法检测铅含量3.用便携式X线荧光分析仪检测公园内儿童游乐园和幼儿园内油漆涂层铅广州市油漆铅含量的抽样检查PaintleadsamplinganddetectinginGuangzhou分别在市中心区、郊区和郊县选取1条集中销售油漆或建材的街道，从街头开始逐间店购买该店正在展销的油漆共走访42间商店，其中从31间买到样品Zeeman-5000型火焰原子吸收光谱仪(日本日立公司制造)，市售新油漆铅含量抽查LeadcontentinnewpaintsinGuangzhou分别在市中心区、郊区和郊县选取共12间小学和12间幼儿园对正在脱落的漆层进行采样Zeeman-5000型火焰原子吸收光谱仪(日本日立公司制造)，现存旧油漆铅含量的抽查Leadcontentinusedpaints新油漆中不同颜色的铅含量LeadcontentsbycolorsinnewpaintsComparisonsofleadcontentinnewpaintsbyproducer(mg/kg)companynumberofcompaniesNumberofsamplesmaximumminimumMedian%(No.)≥600%(No.)solublelead90local836153,0000.8108a36(13)b33(12)cnational42225,6001.5174573(16)91(20)total1258153,0000.855250(29)55(32)aNonparametrictestfortwoindependentsamplesbetweenlocalandnationalcompanieswithMann-WhitneyU.Z=-2.468,P=0.014bChi-Squaretestfora2x2tablebetweenlocalandnationalcompanies.2=10.115,P=.002cChi-Squaretestfora2x2tablebetweenlocalandnationalcompanies.2=18.302,P=.000ComparisonoftotalleadwithsolubleleadinnewpaintsCountfortotallead≥600ppmCountfortotallead＜600ppmtotalSolublelead90ppm26(45%)6(10%)32(55%)Solublelead≤90ppm3(5%)23(40%)26(45%)Total29(50%)29(50%)58(100%)PearsonChi-Squaretest2=27.885,P=0.000;ContinuityCorrectiontestfora2x2tabler2=25.166,P=0.000.油漆的铅是不是配色中加入的？Istheleadofpaintfromcolors?检测了9种液状（色精）和12种粉状（色粉）调色粉，1种红色的色粉铅含量较高（5480mg/kg），另1种蓝色色粉铅含量104mg/kg，其作低于50mg/kg。From:(mg/kg)sampledsurfacecountmaximumminimummedian%(No.)≥600%(No.)≥5000furniture106,7100.61,18560(6)10(1)walls1330,0000.62946(6)15(2)toys551,8004710,70080(4)60(3)aNonparametrictestfortwoindependentsamplesbetweenoldandnewpaintswithMann-WhitneyU.Z=0.470,P=0.638bChi-Squaretestfora2x2tablebetweenusedandnewpaints2=0.386,P=0.534cChi-Squaretestfora2x2tablebetweenusedandnewpaints2=0.078,P=0.779sampledsurfacecountmaximumminimummedian%(No.)≥600%(No.)≥5000furniture106,7100.61,18560(6)10(1)walls1330,0000.62946(6)15(2)toys551,8004710,70080(4)60(3)totalusedpaints2851,8000.61,005a57(16)b21(6)cSamplesMaximumMinimumMedian%（≥600mg/kg）b%（≥5000mg/kg）cUsedpaints2851,8000.61,00557(16)21(6)newpaints58153,0000.855350(29)24(14)aNonparametrictestfortwoindependentsamplesbetweenoldandnewpaintswithMann-WhitneyU.Z=0.470,P=0.638bChi-Squaretestfora2x2tablebetweenusedandnewpaints2=0.386,P=0.534cChi-Squaretestfora2x2tablebetweenusedandnewpaints2=0.078,P=0.779新旧油漆涂层总铅含量比较（mg/kg）Comparisonontotalleadcontentbetweennewpaintsandusedpaints(mg/kg)旧油漆新油漆95%CI铅12500.010000.07500.05000.02500.00.0图4-7新旧油漆总铅比较Fig4-7Comparisonofleadcontentinpaintsbysource现存油漆的铅含量检测（XRF法）Leadcontentsofusedpaint(XRF)对油漆涂层是非破坏性的，不限于正在脱落的表面。铅检出下限为10mg/kg。油漆厚度1~2mm铅含量较低时误差大（10~20%）,主要用于现场筛查。Innov-α4000手握式X线荧光分析仪广州市现有各类公园共191间，从市园林管理局取得花名册后，经上网检索并电话联系确认，共有22间规模较大的公园在园内设有专门的儿童游乐园，将全部22公园作为检测单位。抽查的幼儿园按分层整群抽样方法确定，即将广州市12个区/县级市划为市中心区、郊区和郊县，从中各抽取1个作为代表，再在每个区（市）再按分层各抽20间幼儿园。抽样方法SamplingMethod22间公园和60所幼儿园油漆铅含量(mg/kg)Leadcontentsofusedpaintin22parksand60kindergartensCountsNumberMinimumMaximumMediana%(No.)≥5000b（%）Parks22469102300002945201（42.9%）Kindergartern601437102967001322532(37.0%)Total821906102967001720733(38.5%)aNonparametrictestfortwoindependentsamplesbyWilcoxonZ=-3.01,P=0.001.bChi-Squaretestfora2x2tableχ2=43.989，P0.001.广州市公园和幼儿园油漆铅含量超标严重！Toomuchleadinpaintscertainlyresultinginoverexposureandriskofpoisoningforchildren!油漆含铅量的均值为13992mg/kg，