初中英语阅读讲义(精品)

1初中英语阅读讲义21第一部分:阅读理解第一节：题型概说阅读理解是考查学生通过阅读短文获取信息、解决问题的能力，是上海市中考试题的“重中之重”。初中学业考试要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告和广告等，主要考查学生在阅读过程中获取和处理信息的能力及对阅读策略的掌握情况。即：主要考查以下几种阅读的微技能：（1）理解主旨和要义；（主旨大意题）（2）理解所读材料的具体信息；（细节理解题）（3）根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词或词组的含义；（猜测词义题）（4）做出简单的判断和推理；（推理判断题）（5）理解文段中各句子之间的逻辑关系；（推理判断题）（6）理解作者的意图和态度。（推理判断题第二节：策略指导一、主旨大意题。主旨大意题主要考查学生对文章的整体把握及理解程度，一般要求学生通读全文后再作答。1.提问方式：(1)Thepassageismainlyabout________.(2)Thewriterwantstotellus__________.(3)Themainideaofthepassageis________.(4)Whichisthebesttitleofthepassage?(5)Whatdowelearnfromthetext?……2.解题技巧：（1）先看问题，看是否有和主旨相关的题目，了解题目类别和提问方式。（2）再看文章首尾和各段开头，找出主题句或通过浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨。寻找文章主旨大意的方法有如下几种：○1找主题句：A.首尾段，首尾句。B.首段出现疑问句或设问句时，对该问题的解答就是主旨大意。C.段落中出现转折句时，该句很可能是主题句。○2找反复出现的单词○3找重复出现同一意思的词，即作者有意识的反复重复的观点通常是主旨。○4这类题目需要对文章有整体性的把握，建议最后做。3.例题分析1．主题句定位法：通过分析篇章结构，找出每一小段的主题句，然后通过寻找共同点，找出整个文章的主题句。主题句呈现的方式：2例题(1)开门见山式：主题句出现在文首。Inmodernsocietythereisagreatdealofargumentaboutcompetition.Somevalueithighly,believingthatitisresponsibleforsocial(社交的)progressandprosperity(幸运;顺利).Otherssaythatcompetitionisbad，thatitsetsonepersonagainstanother;thatitleadstounfriendlyrelationship(关系,联系)betweenpeople.题目：Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout？A.Competitionhelpstosetupself-respect.B.Opinionsaboutcompetitionaredifferentamongpeople.C.Competitionisharmfultopersonalqualitydevelopment.D.Failuresarenecessaryexperienceincompetition.例题(2)藏头露尾式：主题句出现在文尾OntheInternet,wecanreadnewsathomeandabroadandgetasmuchinformationaswecan.Weoftensende-mailsormaketelephonecallstoourfamiliesaswellastoourfriendsbyInternet.What’smore,wecangotoschoolonthenet,readalotofbooksandeventeachourselvesforeignlanguages.Wealsoenjoymusic,watchballmatchesonthenetandplaycomputergames.Withthehelpofthenet,wecandoshoppingevenwithoutleavingourhomes.TheInternetisplayingamoreandmoreimportantpartinourdailylife.题目：What’sthemainideaofthepassage？A.KeepawayfromtheInternet.B.Surfthenet.C.TheInternetisplayinganimportantpartinourdailylife.D.WecanentertainourselvesontheInternet.例题(3)首尾呼应式：在有些文章中，为了突出主题，作者在文章开头提出主题，接着进行阐述或论证，在结尾时再次点出主题。值得注意的是，前后两个主题句不是简单的重复，再次出现的主题句往往是前面主题句的进一步引申或发展。Lacrosse(曲棍球)isapopularsportinCanada.TheIndiansinCanadainventedit.Theyusedittotrainforwar.TheyinventedthisgamebeforeColumbusarrivedintheNewWorld.Peopleplaylacrosseoutdoors.Thelacrossefieldissevenmeterslong.Ateachendofthefieldthereisagoal.Thegoalis…TherearemanylacrosseclubsandlacrosseteamsalloverCanada.EverynightCanadianscanwatchthelacrossegamesonTVorlistentothelacrossegamesovertheradio.AtonetimelacrossewasthenationalsummersportinCanada.TodayitisstillpopularwithCanadians.题目：Thepassageismainlyabout.A.HowtoPlayLacrosseB.LacrosseinCanadaC.TheHistoryofLacrosseD.Lacrosse—APopularGameinCanada例题(4)抛砖引玉式：文章的开头只是提出一个问题或者貌似正确的观点，而真正的主题则是通过对问题的解析和引申，或是通过责问和驳论的方式导出主题。Howcouldwepossiblythinkthatkeepinganimalsincagesinunnatural（不自然的,反常的）environments－mostlyforentertainmentpurposes－isfairandrespectful（尊重他人的）？Zooofficialssaytheyareconcernedaboutanimals.However,mostzoosremain“collections”ofinteresting“things”ratherthanprotectivehabitats(栖息地).…Zoosclaim(声称)toeducatepeopleandsaveendangeredspecies(物种),butvisitorsleavezooswithouthavinglearnedanythingmeaningfulabouttheanimals’naturalbehavior,intelligence,orbeauty….…Actually,wewillsaveendangeredspeciesonlyifwesavetheirhabitatandputanendtothereasons3peoplekillthem.Insteadofsupportingzoos,weshouldsupportgroupsthatworktoprotectanimals’naturalhabitats.题目：Whatdoestheauthortrytoargue(表明)inthepassage？A.Zoosarenotworththepublicsupport.B.Zoosfailintheirattempttosaveanimals.C.Zoosshouldtreatanimalsashumanbeings.D.Zoosuseanimalsasameansofentertainment.例题(5)藏龙卧虎式：即主题句隐含在全文当中，没有明确的主题句。具体方法是：首先弄清楚各个段落讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，寻找共同点,然后加以归纳形成主题。Handshaking,thoughaEuropeanpracticeisoftenseeninbigcitiesofChina.NobodyknowsexactlywhenthepracticestartedinEurope.ItissaidthatlonglongagoinEuropewhenpeoplemet,theyshowedtheirunarmed(无武器的)handstoeachotherasasignofgoodwill.Astimewentonandtrade(贸易),商业incitiesgrewrapidly,peopleincitiesbegantoclapeachother’shandstomakeadealortoreachanagreement.Thispracticewaslaterchangedintoshakinghandsamongfriendsonmeetingorleavingeachother.“Let’sshake(hands)onit”sometimesmeansagreementreached.题目：Thefirstparagraphmainlytellsus______.A.wherehandshakingwasfirstpracticedB.howhandshakingcameaboutC.abouttherelationshipbetweenhandshakingandtradeD.aboutthepracticeofhandshakingbothinEuropeandinChina2．选择最好的标题——选帽原则：像帽子一样，大小合适才行。另外，标题要简洁、突出、新颖。标题是文章的点睛之笔，所以它还要具有醒目的特点，能吸引读者。例题(6)Hewishestheholidayseasonwouldendalready.Hisbackaches,hisredsuitfeelslikeaspacesuit,hischeeks（脸颊）havegonetightfromsmilingfor12hours…Thequestionsfromchildrenthesedaysareharderthanever.Now,withthousandsofchildrenexpectingafatherormotherservinginIraqorAfghanistan,thequestionsareasheart-breakingastheyareunanswerable.Forexample,“CanyoupleasebringDaddyhomefromthewarintimeforChristmasmorning？”Santasalsohaveaprettygoodchanceofgettingsued(指控)…题目：Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage？A．Christmas:NotaGoodFestivalforSantasB．IsSantaClausReallyAlive？C．AChristmasStoryD．WhatDoesSantaClausDoforChildren？4.主旨大