英国历史与文化-英文版PPT

AnIntroductiontoBritishHistoryandCultureEnglishHistory•PrehistoricEngland•RomanBritain(43-410)•TheAnglo-SaxonsandVikings(450-1066)•NormansandPlantagenets(1066-1272)•LancasterandYork(1272-1485)•TheTudors(1485-1603)•TheStuarts(1603-1714)•OrderandDisorder(1714-1837)•VictoriaandEmpire(1837-1910)•PeaceandWar(1910-1945)•ContemporaryBritain(1945-)Chapter1EarlyEngland1.OldStoneAge,70,000—8000BC2.MiddleStoneAge,8300—3500BC3.NewStoneAge,3500—2500BC4.BronzeAge,2500—700BC(Iberians)5.IronAge,700—100BC(Celts)6.TheDawningofEnglishHistory150BC—50Officialtitle–UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland–BritishIsles•includingGreatBritain,thewholeofIreland,alltheoffshoreislands1.1Geography:SomeTerminology•isolatedfromEuropebytheEnglishChannelandtheNorthSea•onceperceivedasbeingontheedgeoftheworld•TheseasaroundBritainalsoactedasbarriersagainstattemptedinvasions:–TheArmada,1588;theFrench,1805,NaziGermany,19401.1Geography:GeographyandHistory•Generallymildandtemperateweather–allowsfarmingtoflourishacrossthecountry–North:lessfertileland,wetter–South:fertileland,drier1.1Geography:Weather•Huntersandgatherers–OldStoneAge(Paleolithic),70,000—8000BC–MiddleStoneAge(Mesolithic),8300—3500BC–NewStoneAge(Neolithic),3500—2500BC1.2EarlySettlers•NewStoneAge,3500—2500BC–Stonehenge史前巨石阵•amonumentalcircularsettingoflargestandingstonessurroundedbyanearthwork1.2EarlySettlersStonehengeInSearchofHistory00:20—01:38•TheCelts(IronAge,700—100BC)–fromnorth-westernEurope,ancestorsofthehighlandScots,theIrishandWelsh–Gaelic盖尔语:languageofCelticorigin1.2EarlySettlersChapter2RomanBritainRomanInvasion(55BC-410AD)BritishrecordedhistorybeginswithRomaninvasion.–firstlandingin55B.C.ledbyJuliusCaesar–completecontroloverthelandin43A.D.–leavinginaround410A.D.WhatisthemeaningofB.C.andA.D.?•BC–standsforbeforeChrist•AD–standsfortheLatinphrase“annodomini”–meansintheyearofourLord•ThepurposeoftheBC/ADdatingsystem–tomakethebirthofJesusChristthedividingpointofworldhistoryGaiusJuliusCaesar(July13,100BC–March15,44BC)•aRomanmilitaryandpoliticalleader•playedacriticalroleinthetransformationoftheRomanRepublicintotheRomanEmpireRomanInvasion(55BC-410AD)1.Firstlandingin55B.C.ledbyJuliusCaesar–Reasons•thelureoftreasures•topunishtheCeltsbecauseofthehelptheyrenderedtheirfellowtribesmeninGaul–Results•failedbecauseofweather•withdrawwithhostagesandprisonersRomanInvasion(55BC-410AD)2.Completecontroloverthelandin43A.D.–Leader•headedbytheEmperorClaudius–Reasons•cameasimperialiststoexploitandgovernbyrightofbeingthesuperiorRomanInvasion(55BC-410AD)3.Leavinginaround410A.D.–TheRomanEmpiredisintegratedin476A.D..–leftbehindawellestablishedCeltic-RomancultureRomanSoldiersResistancetoRomanOccupation•Fornearly400yearsBritainwasundertheRomanoccupation,butitwasneveratotaloccupation.–Romantroopsoftenwithdrew.–Resistance:thePicts–TwogreatwallstokeepthePicts:•Hadrian’sWall•AntonineWallRomanInfluence:TheRomanisationofBritannia1.Romanlaws,taxes,engineeringskills2.Architecture3.Romansocialsystem4.TheLatinLanguage5.Systemofwritingandnumbering6.Introducedasystemoforganizedgovernmentintowns7.BroughtthenewreligionChristianitytoBritainRomanInfluence:TheRomanisationofBritanniaRomantowns:London,York,Bath•baths,temples,amphitheatres竞技场,Romanaqueducts高架渠Romanroads:morethan5000roads,anetworkofroadstoconnectlargetowns•Romancivilizationwasbasedoncitylifeinhundredsofwalledtownlinkedbymilitaryroads.Romantown:BathBathAbbeyRomanamphitheatreRomanaqueductRomanRoadTheImpactofChristianity•TheCelt’sReligion–Polytheism(多神论)•Animals,rivers,andlakeswerealsotreatedasgods.Celticgodsandgoddesses•RomanBritain.–ChristianmerchantsandtradersarrivedinEnglandinthe1stcenturyA.D,butmadelittleimpact.–Inthe2ndcentury,Christianityslowlyspread.–Inthelate6thcentury,ChristianitywasintroducedwidelyinEngland.•Christianity:beliefinonegodhead,•TheCelt’sReligion:beliefinseveralgods•AfterConstantine’sconversiontoChristianity,Polytheism(多神论)monotheism(一神论)BritanniaAnglo-SaxonperiodInthemiddleofthe5thcentury,Anglo-Saxonssettledhere.Englishpeopleowemuchoftheirtradition,language,physicalheritagetothem(tall,fair-haired).Vikinginvasion:bythe8th,theDanishbegantoinvadeEnglandinasuccessfulwayuntilAlfredtheGreatdefeatedthem.KingAlfredtheGreat(r.871-899阿佛列大帝)HeisoftenregardedasthefirstkingofaunitedEngland.HedefeatedtheDanesatbattles.28Beowulf,theoldestEnglishepic,tellsthestoryofaScandinavianhero.ProbablywritteninNorthumbriaintheearlyeighthcentury,itprovidesastrikingpictureofearlyGermaniclife.TheearliestsurvivingmanuscriptofBeowulfwaswritteninSaxoninthelatetenthcentury.p7329TheManuscriptofBeowulf32Anevildragonrobbedthehollycupawayandguardedthecupinhiscavenotallowinganyonetotouchit.33Beowulfledhismentosailacrosstheseatofindthehollycupbackforhispeople.TheNormanConquestAfterEdwarddied,DukeofNormandy---WilliamI,wascrownedinLondon,onChristmasDay1066.Significance:A.Anewdynasty,anewaristocracyB.AstrongNormangovernment,feudalsystemC.TheupperranksoftheclergywereNormanizedandfeudalized.封建时代1)William’srule(1066-1087)A.strongmonarchywasestablishedB.Frenchlanguagewasusedinthecour