大学英语泛读教程二第三版第8单元Getting enough sleep

Unit8Gettingenoughsleep?DreamonChildrenwhodonotgetenoughsleeparemorelikelytobeoverweightaccordingtoanewstudy.NavigationGuideI.Relatedinformation1.1Schemataactivation1.2PreviewQsII.TextComprehension2.1TextAnalysis2.2Post-readingQsIII.DifficultyPoints3.1Keywords3.2KeyphrasesIV.ReadingSkills4.1ChoosingreadingspeedObjectiveToknowtheconceptofsleepdebtTorealizetheconsequencesofsleepdeprivationToknowhowtoworkoffsleepdebtReadingskill—choosingreadingspeedPreviewQuestionsHowlongdoyouusuallysleepeverynight?Howdoyouwakeupeverymorning,byalarmclockorbybiologicalclock?Howdoyoufeelduringthedaytime?Howdoyouworkoffthesleepiness?Whenyou'reinarushtomeetwork,school,family,orhouseholdresponsibilities,doyoucutbackonyoursleep?Likemanypeople,youmightthinkthatsleepismerelyadowntimewhenthebrainshutsoffandthebodyrests.Howmuchsleepisenough?Sleepneedsvaryfrompersontoperson,andtheychangethroughoutthelifecycle.Mostadultsneed7hoursofsleepeachnight.Newborns,ontheotherhand,sleepbetween16and18hoursaday,andchildreninpreschoolsleepbetween10and12hoursaday.Schoolchildrenandteensneedatleast9hoursofsleepanight.TextComprehensionStructureAnalysisDivisionParagraphMainIdeaPartIP1-p8TointroducethetopicofsleepdebtPartIIP9-p12SleepdebtandtheMortgagedMindPartIIIP13-p16WideawakebutnotrestedPartIVP17-p21Sleepandwell-beingPartVP22-p28Towardasleep-smartlifestyleComprehensionQuestionsWhatkindofmistakesdosleep-deprivedpeoplemake?Howdidthevolunteerperformhistaskduringtheexperiment?Whatistheaverageamountofsleepthatmostpeopleneed?Whatistheresultofsleepdebt?Whydopeoplewakeupbeforethealarmclockgoesoff?What’swrongwiththeclock-dependentalerting?WhatdoesCathy’scaseshow?Whathappenstosleepdebtinthelongterm?Whydopeoplesleepingmorethan10hourstendtohaveshorterlives?Whatdidtheresearchersdototheirsubjectsforthestudy?Whatwastheresultoftheirstudy?Howcouldpeopleadoptasleep-smartlifestyle?KeyWords1.Consequence----result2.beproneto----belikelytosuffer3.Tap----press4.Perspective----view5.Synchronize----causetooccuratthesametime同步6.sufficiently----adequately1.足够地2.适当的7.apathetic----indifferent不感兴趣的,冷淡的8.mortality----deathrate9.impaired----weakened10.optimally----bestpossibly最优化11.aptly----rightly适当地ReadingSkillHowtochoosereadingspeed•Setthereadingpurposes•Previewthematerialcarefully•Decidethespeed—slow,normalorfast•Findthelevelofunderstanding•MakeadjustmentsifnecessaryFiguresofspeech(修辞)arewaysofmakingourlanguagefigurative.Whenweusewordsinotherthantheirordinaryorliteralsensetolendforcetoanidea,toheighteneffect,ortocreatesuggestiveimagery,wearesaidtobespeakingorwritingfiguratively.Nowwearegoingtotalkaboutsomecommonformsoffiguresofspeech.1)Simile：(明喻）Itisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristic(特性)incommon.Tomakethecomparison,wordslike“as,as...as,asifandlike”areusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.Forexample,Ascoldwaterstoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.2)Metaphor：(暗喻）Itislikeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.Forexample,theworldisastage.FiguresofSpeech3)Personification:(拟人）Itgiveshumanformoffeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributes(赋予)toinanimate(无生命的)objects,ortoideasandabstractions(抽象).Forexample,thewindwhistledthroughthetrees.4)Hyperbole:(夸张）Itisthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.Forinstance,healmostdiedlaughing.5)Understatement:(含蓄陈述）Itistheoppositeofhyperbole,oroverstatement.Itachievesitseffectofemphasizingafactbydeliberately(故意地)understatingit,impressingthelistenerorthereadermorebywhatismerelyimpliedorleftunsaidthanbybarestatement.Forinstance,Istudiedhumannature,andIknewathingortwo.(略知一二)7)Euphemism:(委婉）Itisthesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensive(无冒犯)expressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.Forinstance,“Passaway‘isaeuphemismfor`die‘.`Passwater’isaeuphemismfor`urinate‘(排尿).7)Metonymy(转喻）Itisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanother.Forinstance,thepen(words)ismightierthanthesword(forces).Thekettleisboiling.(waterinthekettle)8)Synecdoche(提喻）Itisinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.Forinstance,Youngpeopleshouldhavemorerespectforgrayhairs.Hesawsomenewfacesintheclassroom.Thetree(leaves)turnyellowinautumn.9)Pun:(双关语）Itisaplayonwords,orratheraplayontheformandmeaningofwords.Forinstance,acannon-balltookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.(Herearmshastwomeanings:aperson'sbody;weaponscarriedbyasoldier.)“OIC”glassesmayhelpyou.(advertisement)10)Irony:(反语）Itisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.Forinstance,wearelucky,whatyousaidmakesmefeelrealgood.11)Sarcasm:(讽刺）Itisastrongformofirony.Itattacksinatauntingandbittermanner,anditsaimistodisparage(贬低),ridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.Forexample,lawsarelikecobwebs蜘蛛网,whichmaycatchsmallflies,butletwasps黄蜂breakthrough.12)Oxymoron:(矛盾修饰）Itisacompressed