文艺复兴英语ppt

Renaissance•overview•origins•characteristics•ThethreegeniusesofRenaissanceOverview•14th–17thcenturies•culturalmovement•European•BeginninginItaly•literature,philosophy•art,music,politics,•science,religion,Origins•13thcentury•Italy•Florence•PeoplelosttheirfaithinthechurchandbegantoputmorefocusonhumanbeingsandmaterialpossessionsSocialandpoliticalstructuresinItaly•TheuniquepoliticalstructuresoflateMiddleAgesItalyhaveledsometotheorizethatitsunusualsocialclimateallowedtheemergenceofarareculturalefflorescence.Italydidnotexistasapoliticalentityintheearlymodernperiod.Instead,itwasdividedintosmallercitystatesandterritoriesBeginningoftheRenaissanceTheItalianRenaissancehadplacedhumanbeingsoncemoreinthecenteroflife'sstageandinfusedthoughtandartwithhumanisticvalues.IntimethestimulatingideascurrentinItalyspreadtootherareasandcombinedwithindigenousdevelopmentstoproduceaFrenchRenaissance,anEnglishRenaissance,andsoon.WhytheRenaissanceemergedinItaly?•It’sprosperoustradeandproductionofhandicraft.•It’srichvarietyofurbansociallifecoincidingwiththeemergenceofmorecities.•ThewealthofculturepasseddownfromtheartisticandarchitecturalheritageofRomeandthefourthwastheuseofLatinasacommonlanguageintheItaliansociety.CulturalconditionsinFlorence•IthaslongbeenamatterofdebatewhytheRenaissancebeganinFlorence,andnotelsewhereinItaly.ScholarshavenotedseveralfeaturesuniquetoFlorentineculturallifewhichmayhavecausedsuchaculturalmovement.Lorenzode'Medici,rulerofFlorenceandpatronofartsCharacteristics•Humanism•Art•ScienceWhytheRenaissancebeganinFlorence•ManyhaveemphasizedtheroleplayedbytheMedici,abankingfamilyandlaterducalrulinghouse,inpatronizingandstimulatingthearts.•Lorenzode'Medici(1449–1492)wasthecatalystforanenormousamountofartspatronage,encouraginghiscountrymentocommissionworksfromFlorence'sleadingartists,includingLeonardodaVinci,SandroBotticelli,andMichelangeloBuonarroti.•WorksbyNeridiBicci,SandroBotticelli,LeonardodaVinciandFilippinoLippihadbeencommissionedadditionallybytheconventdiSanDonatoagliScopetioftheAugustiniansorderinFlorence.Humanism•Thehumanistsbelievedthatitisimportanttotranscendtotheafterlifewithaperfectmindandbody.•Thistranscendingbeliefcanbedonewitheducation.•Thepurposeofhumanismwastocreateauniversalmanwhosepersoncombinedintellectualandphysicalexcellenceandwhowascapableoffunctioninghonorablyinvirtuallyanysituation.•Thisideologywasreferredtoastheuomouniversale,anancientGreco-Romanideal.TheeducationduringRenaissancewasmainlycomposedofancientliteratureandhistory.•Itwasthoughtthattheclassicsprovidedmoralinstructionandanintensiveunderstandingofhumanbehavior.PicodellaMirandola.HewrotethefamousOrationontheDignityofMan,whichhasbeencalledtheManifestooftheRenaissanceArt•Thedevelopmentofperspectivewaspartofawidertrendtowardsrealisminthearts.Tothatend,paintersalsodevelopedothertechniques,studyinglight,shadow,and,famouslyinthecaseofLeonardodaVinci,humananatomy.Underlyingthesechangesinartisticmethod,wasareneweddesiretodepictthebeautyofnature,andtounraveltheaxiomsofaesthetics,withtheworksofLeonardo,MichelangeloandRaphaelrepresentingartisticpinnaclesthatweretobemuchimitatedbyotherartistsMichelangelo'stombintheBasilicaofSantaCroce,Florencescience•Oneimportantdevelopmentwasnotanyspecificdiscovery,butratherthefurtherdevelopmentoftheprocessfordiscovery,thescientificmethod.•Itfocusedonempiricalevidence,theimportanceofmathematics,anddiscardedAristotelianscience.•EarlyandinfluentialproponentsoftheseideasincludedCopernicus,Galileo,andFrancisBacon.[65][66]Thenewscientificmethodledtogreatcontributionsinthefieldsofastronomy,physics,biology,andanatomy.GalileoGalilei.PortraitincrayonbyRenaissancesculptorLeoneLeoniLeonardodaVinciMichelangeloRaffaelloSanzioThethreegeniusesofRenaissanceDaVinci《MonaLisa》TheMonaLisaisthemostfamousmasterpiece.It’sdaVinci’shighestartisticachievement.DaVinci'suniqueartisticlanguageistheuseoflightandshadetocreateathree-dimensionalsenseoftheimageoftheplane.Heoncesaid:thegreatestmiracleofpainting,istomakethepictureshowingaconcaveandconvexDaVincihasshownaveryhightalentinpaintingsincechildhood,sohisfathersenthimtothepaintingworkshoptolearnpainting.Beforethestartofthestudy,theteacherletdaVincipracticepaintinganeggformanydays.《MonaLisa》FinallyDaVincigotimpatient,hethoughttheteacherlookeddownuponhim.Aftertheteacherreadhisthoughts,hetolddaVinciatruth:Therearenotwothingsexactlythesameintheworld,evenisthesamething,duetothedifferentpointofviewandlight.DaVinciissuddenlyenlighted,sincethen,hebegantrainingbasicpaintingskills,learningallkindsofartandscientificknowledge,allthishadlaidasolidfoundationforhislateroutstandingachievements.Astronomy•DaVincitakeanegativeviewtothepoint:Earthisthecenteroftheuniverse.HisviewispresentedearlierthanHeliocentrictheory.MeachineHefindtheFrictiondefinitionbyexperiments.Throughhisstudyofthebirds’wingmovement,hedesignaAircraftin1493forthefirsttime.RobotHedesignaprimaryrobotbydissectingbodies.Madeagreatcontributiontothedevelopmentofanatomy.Architecture•Inarchitecture,healsoshowedaremarkabletalent.Hedesignedbridges,churc