普通无机物的命名

1一无机物的命名(Inorganiccompounds)1元素与单质的命名“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“freeelement”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。2S-blockElementIAHHydrogenLiLithiumNaSodiumKPotassiumRbRubidiumCsCesiumFrFranciumIIABeBerylliumMgMagnesiumCaCalciumSrStrontiumBaBariumRaRadium3P-blockElementVIAVIIA0HeHeliumOOxygenFFluorineNeNeonSSulfurClChlorineArArgonSeSeleniumBrBromineKrKryptonTeTelluriumIIodineXeXenonPoPoloniumAtAstatineRnRadonIIIAIVAVABBoronCCarbonNNitrogenAlAluminiumSiSiliconPPhosphorusGaGalliumGeGermaniumAsArsenicInIndiumSnTinSbAntimonyTlThalliumPbLeadBiBismuth4CommonTransitionElememtIIIBVIBIBScScandiumCrChromiumCuCopperYYttriumMoMolybdenumAgSilverLaLanthanumWTungstenAuGoldAcActiniumIVBVIIBIIBTiTitaniumMnManganeseZnZincZrZirconiumTcTechnetiumCdCadmiumHfHafniumReRheniumHgMercuryVBVIIIBVVanadiumFeIronRuRutheniumOsOsmiumNbNiobiumCoCobaltRhRhodiumIrIridiumTaTantalumNiNickelPdPalladiumPtPlatinumCeCeriumThThoriumUUranium52化合物的命名化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读，这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀(1)mono-,(2)di-,(3)tri-,(4)tetra–,(5)penta-(6)hexa-,(7)hepta-,(8)octa-,(9)nona-,(10)deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽可能被省去。6Namingmetalions(cations)formetaloxides,basesandsalts1.SinglevalenceionsCation’sname=Elementforexample:Na+SodiumAl3+AluminumK+PotassiumCa2+Calcium72.MultivalenceionsCation’sname=Element(N)Forexample:Fe2+Iron(II)orFerrousFe3+Iron(III)orFerricCr2+Chromium(II)Cr3+Chromium(III)Mn4+Manganese(IV)Mn2+Manganese(II)8对于有变价的金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀-ous表示低价，-ic表示高价。如FeO:iron(II)oxide或ferrousoxideFe2O3:iron(III)oxide或ferricoxideCu2O:copper(I)oxide或cuprousoxideCuO:copper(II)oxide或cupricoxide9Namingnonmetalions(anions)1.MonatomicanionsAnion’sname=Element’sroot-ideForexample:Cl-ChlorideO2-OxideBr-BromideOH-HydroxideI-IodideCN-CyanideS2-SulfideH-Hydride102.Polyatomicoxyanions(1).Acidradicalsfornormalsalt(正酸根-ate)Anion’sname=CentralElement’sroot-ateforexample:ClO3-ChlorateIO3-IodatePO43-PhosphateNO3-NitrateSO42-SulfateCO32-Carbonate11(2).Acidradicalsformeta-salts(亚酸根-ite)Anion’sname=Centralelement’sroot-iteforexample:ClO2-ChloriteIO2-IoditePO33-PhosphiteNO2-NitriteSO32-Sulfite12(3).Acidradicalsforhypo-salts(次酸根hypo-…ite)Anion’sname=Hypo-Centralelement’sroot-iteforexample:ClO-HypochloriteIO-HypoioditePO23-Hypophosphite13(4).Acidradicalsforpersalts(高酸根Per-ate)Anion’sname=Per-centralElement’sroot-ateforexample:ClO4-PerchlorateIO4-PeriodateMnO4-Permanganate14Namingcompounds1.MetaloxideMetaloxide=Cation+oxideforexample:FeOIron(II)oxide(Ferrousoxide)Fe2O3Iron(III)oxide(Ferricoxide)Fe3O4FerroferricoxidePb3O4TrileadtetroxideNa2O2Sodiumperoxide152.NonmetaloxideNonmetaloxide=n-Nonmetalelement+n-oxideforexample:COCarbonmonoxideCO2CarbondioxideSO3SulfurtrioxideN2O3DinitrogentrioxideP2O5DiphosphoruspentoxideN2O4Dinitrogentetroxide(tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省去)有些物质常用俗称,如NO:nitricoxideN2O:nitrousoxide16非金属氢化物除了水和氨气使用俗称water，ammonia以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。（1）对于卤族和氧族氢化物，H在化学式中写在前面，因此将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物。举例：HFhydrogenfluorideHClhydrogenchlorideHBrhydrogenbromideHIhydrogeniodideH2ShydrogensulfideH2SehydrogenselenideH2Tehydrogentelluride（2）对于其它族的非金属氢化物，H在化学式中写在后面，可加后缀-ane，氮族还可加-ine举例：PH3:phosphine或phosphaneAsH3:arsine或arsaneSbH3:stibine或stibaneBiH3:bismuthaneCH4:methaneSiH4:silaneB2H6:diborane17无氧酸命名规则：hydro-词根-icacid举例：HCl:hydrochloricacidH2S:hydrosulfuricacid183.BasesBase=Metalcation+hydroxideforexample:Al(OH)3AluminumhydroxideNaOHSodiumhydroxideCa(OH)2CalciumhydroxideBa(OH)2BariumhydroxideCo(OH)2Cobalt(II)hydroxide194.盐(Salts)(1).正盐(Normalsalt)：根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。Normalsalt=Cation+anionforexample:HgSO4Mercury(II)sulfateHg2SO4Mercury(I)sulfateKNO3PotassiumnitrateNa2CO3SodiumcarbonateNaClOSodiumhypochloriteFeSO4iron(II)sulfateKMnO4potassiumpermanganate20(2)酸式盐：(Acidicsalts)同正盐的读法，酸根中的Ｈ读做hydrogen，氢原子的个数用前缀表示。Acidicsalt=Cation+hydrogen+anionforexample:NaHSO4SodiumhydrogensulfateNa2HPO4DisodiumhydrogenphosphateNaH2PO4SodiumdihydrogenphosphateCa(HSO4)2CalciumbisulfateNaHCO3Sodiumhydrogencarbonate或Sodiumbicarbonate21(3).BasicsaltsBasicsalt=Cation+hydroxy-anionforexample:Cu2(OH)2CO3Dicopper(II)dihydroxycarbonateCa(OH)ClCalciumhydroxychlorideMg(OH)PO4Magnesiumhydroxyphosphate22(4).复盐(Mixedsalts)：同正盐的读法。Mixedsalt=Cation+cation’+anionforexample:NaKSO3SodiumpotassiumsulfiteCaNH4PO4CalciumammoniumphosphateAgLiCO3SilverlithiumcarbonateNaNH4SO4SodiumammoniumsulfateKNaCO3:potassuimsodiumcarbonateNaNH4HPO4:sodiumammoniumhydrogenphosphate235)水合盐：结晶水读做water或hydrate如AlCl3∙6H2O:aluminumchloride6-water或aluminumchloridehexahydrateAlK(SO4)2∙12H2O:aluminiumpotassiumsulfate12-water245.Acids(1).Per-,hydro-,normalacid(itssalt-ate,-ide)Acid=Centralelement’sroot-ic+acidforexample:H2CO3CarbonicacidH2SO4SulfuricacidH3PO4PhosphoricacidHNO3NitricacidHClO4PerchloricacidHClHydrochloricacid25(2).Meta-andhypo-acid(itssalt-ite)Acid=Centralelement’sroot-ous+acidforexample:H2SO3SulfurousacidH3PO3PhosphorousacidHNO2NitrousacidHClOHypochlorousacidHClO2Chlorousacid26含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子采用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子，价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀，不同的后缀。高某酸per-ic正酸–ic亚酸-ous次酸hypo-ous高某酸根per-