最新西方文明史精品课件westerncivilization2

Chapter8TheWestintheEarlyMiddleAges500-900ThePalatineChapelinAachenFrankishKingCharlestheGreat,orCharlemagne768-814Romanruins,reminiscentofLateranPalace,pope’sresidence800,coronationceremonyPopeLeoplacedacrownEmperorandAugustusDarkagesPetrarchregardedthepost-Romancenturiesasdarkcomparedtothelightofclassicalantiquity.Themakingofthebarbariankingdom,500-750Italy:fromOstrogothstoLombardsTheOstrogothicKingdomwasestablishedbyTheodorictheGreatinItalyandneighboringareasfrom493to553.in476deposedthelastemperoroftheWesternRomanEmpire,RomulusAugustulus,apuppet-emperorofhisfatherJuliusNeposwhowasmurderedbyhisownsoldiersin480.TheGoths,aneastGermanicpeople,twobranches:theVisigothsandtheOstrogoths,playedanimportantroleinthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireandtheemergenceofMedievalEurope.in535,theByzantineEmpireinvadedItalyunderJustinianI.LombardconquestGermanictribe,Arian,acceptedorthodoxChristianityPopeGregoryI590-604,SaintGregorytheGreatorganizedtheresistance.LaidthefoundationofthemedievalpapacyVisigothicSpain:intoleranceanddestruction507,Gallo-romanaristocratssupportedtheFrankishkingClovisinhissuccessfulconquestoftheVisigothickingdomofToulouseKingdomoftheVisigoths,418–c.720,Toledo.Diaspora,thedispersionofJewsoutoftheirhomeland(theLandofIsrael)andthecommunitiesbuiltbythemacrosstheworld.AllJewsacceptedbaptismorleavethekingdom711,invadeandconqueredbyMuslimsTheAnglo-Saxons:fromPaganconquerorstoChristianMissionariesGermanicwarriorscarvedoutsmallkingdomsCentralvalue:honorandglory,resembledheroicageofancientGreeceEngland,thelandofAnglesTwoopposingformsoforthodoxChristianityCeltic,monasticanddecentralized.Roman,episcopalandhierarchicalThefranks:anenduringlegacytheKingdomoftheFranks481–843,thedirectancestorofbothFranceandGermanyGermanictribes,ConversionClovisI,crownedfirstKingin496.MerovingiandynastyruledGaulandWGermanyto751DividedbyfoursonsCreatingtheEuropeanAristocracy9century,Parishsystem.Tithe,atenthofone'sincometothechurchAristocraticlifestyle:feasting,hospitality,huntingandwarfareTheCarolingianachievementTheCarolingiandynasty,late8thcenturyto1122Duke.ThenameCarolingianmeaningdescendantofCharles,theLatinizednameofCharlesMartel:Carolus.CharlesMartel,thedefactoruleroftheFranksastherealpowersbehindthethrone.Followers,Vassals.Aruthlessscorched-earthpolicyBy751,PepintheShort,wascrownedKingoftheFranksbypope.In800asCharlemagneattendedmassonChristmasDayinthebasilicaofSt.Peter,thepopeplacedacrownonhishead,whiletheRomansassembledforworshipproclaimedhim“emperoroftheRomans.”latercalledtheHolyRomanEmpire.Hisdeathin814begananextendedperiodoffragmentationanddeclinethatwouldeventuallyleadtotheevolutionoftheterritoriesofFranceandGermany.Carolingianrenaissance.increaseofliterature,writing,thearts,architecture,jurisprudence,liturgicalreforms,andscripturalstudies.TheHolyRomanEmpire800-1806amulti-ethniccomplexofterritoriesincentralEurope800,PopeLeoIIIcrownedCharlemagneasEmperor,revivingthetitleinWesternEuropeaftermorethanthreecenturies.Thetitlewasrevivedin962whenOttoIwascrownedemperor,asthesuccessorofCharlemagneThelargestterritoryoftheempireafter962wastheKingdomofGermany,thoughitincludedtheKingdomofBohemia,theKingdomofBurgundy,theKingdomofItaly,andnumerousotherterritories.GeographicaltourEnglandAlfredofWessex,southernEnglishScandinaviaNose,Vikings:GermanicNorsesailor,speakingtheOldNorselanguage,whoraidedandtradedfromtheirScandinavianhomelandsacrosswideareasofnorthernandcentralEurope,aswellasEuropeanRussia,duringthelate8thtolate11thcenturies.SwedishmerchantVikings,Rus’.RussiaMuslimSpainUmayyadEmirateAftertheCarolingians:fromempiretolordshipsInthelateninthandtenthcenturies,theFrankishkingdomcollapsedLouis’sthreesonsdividedtheempire:Louis,Lothair,CharlesEmergenceofFranceandGermanyWestFrancia,KingdomoftheWestFranks.theearlieststageoftheKingdomofFrance,840until987.CharlestheBaldEast.OttoI,OttotheGreat,DuchyofSaxony.936Germanking962emperoroftheHolyRomanEmpireThreeelementsoftheearlyMiddleAgesOrthodoxChristianityRomanadministrationFrankishmilitarykingshipChapter9ThehighMiddleAges,900-1300ThecountrysidePopulationdoubled,lesswar,slowlyimprovingclimateThepeasantry:serfsandfreemenSerf:apersonwhoisboundtothelandandownedbythefeudallord,couldnotleavewithoutpermissionPurchasetheirfreedom,fourteenthcentury,serfswereararityinmanypartofwesternEuropeThearistocracy:WarriorsandHeiressesKnight:amanofnoblebirth,servedhiskinginbattle.lowernobility.associatedwiththeidealsofchivalry,thesetofrulesandwayofbehavingwhichknightswereexpectedtofollow,courtesytowardswomenSongofRolandandlegendofKingArthurKingArthurisalegendaryBritishleaderwho,accordingtomedievalhistoriesandromances,ledthedefenceagainstSaxoninvadersinthelate5thandearly6thcenturies.Feudalism.Knightsbecamevassals,,Fief.apieceoflandheldunderthefeudalsystemthesocialsystemthatdevelopedinEuropeinthe8thcentury;vassalswereprotectedbylordswhotheyhadtoserveinwarThechurch:SaintsandmonksAsaintissomeonewhohasdiedandbeenofficiallyrecognizedandhonoredbytheChristianchurchbecausehisorherlifewasaperfectexample