语用学课件-Pragmatics-

DeixisZhangJiyuanI.DefinitionII.TheusageofdeixisIII.BasiccategoriesofdeixisWhatisdeixis?Theterm‘deixis’isderivedfromtheGreekwordmeaning‘toshow’or‘topointout’.Itcanbedefinedasthephenomenonwherebyfeaturesofcontextofutteranceorspeecheventareencodedbylexicaland/orgrammaticalmeansinalanguage.(Yanhuang,132)(1)Iamhungry.(2)thisisgoodforyourhealth.如果这句话是我说的，当然是说我饿，但要是出自你的口，饿的就是你而不是我了this,your也是不稳定的，this可能指这项运动而不是那项运动，或指这种药物而不是另一种药物。如果我对你说的，your指你的健康，如果我是对张三说的，我指的就是张三的健康。（何自然，24）2.1Deicticvsnon-deicticusagesDeicticusage:whatthedeicticexpressionreferstodependonthespecificcontextitoccurs.non-deicticusage:non-deicticexpressionisanexpressionforwhichyoudon’tneedcontexttounderstanditsinceitdoesn’trefertoanythinginparticular,onthecontrary,itisusedinageneralsense.a.Hecamehereonehourago.b.Youcan’tlosewhatyouneverhad.=c.Onecan’tlosewhatone/heneverhad.a,whichcontainsdeicticexpressions,iscontextdependent.Inisolation,thesentencedoesn’tconveymuchinformationbecausewehavenoideaaboutwhocametowhatplaceatwhattime.He,here,andonehouragobeingdeicticitems.Whileinb,thesecond-personpronounsarenon-deicticexpressions.youcanbereplacedwithone.2.2GesturalvssymbolicusagesWithindeicticuse,afurtherdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweengesturalandsymbolicuse(Fillmore1971).Gesturalusecanbeproperlyinterpretedonlybyadirect,momentbymomentmonitoringofsomephysicalaspectsofthespeechevent.Forexample:Putthepianohere,No,nothere.Butthere.Comeoverhere!Bycontrast,interpretationofthesymbolicuseofdeicticexpressionsonlyinvolvesknowingthebasicspatio-temporalparameterofthespeechevent,forexample:Hello,howarethingsthere?IknowmoreaboutpragmaticsnowthanIdidbefore.Withinnon-deicticuse,thereisadistinctionbetweenanaphoric(前照应)andcataphoric（后照应）use.Johngothomelateandhewasverytired.IwasborninLondonandhavelivedthereeversince.Hereisthe9o’clocknews…Ibetyouhaven’theardthisstory.DeicticexpressionDeicticuseNon-deicticuseGesturalsymbolicanaphoriccataphoricClassificationofdeixisThetraditionalones:PersonDeixisTimeDeixisSpaceDeixisTwolatelyaddedones(Fillmore,1975):DiscoursedeixisSocialdeixisPersondeixisisconcernedwiththeidentificationoftheinterlocutorsorparticipantrolesinaspeechevent.Itiscommonlyexpressedby:(1)personalpronouns;(2)vocatives(1)personalpronounsusuallyexpressperson,numberandgender.3.1PersondeixisPersonPersonalpronounsexhibitathreewaydistinctionoffirst,second,thirdperson.First-person[+speaker]Secondperson[+addressee]Thirdperson[-speaker,-addressee]NumberNonumbercategory:(Piraha,Kawi)Singular-plural:(Chinese,WestDani)Singular-dual-paucal-plural:（Yimas,Murik,MeryamMir）Personsingularplural1wowomen2ninimen3tatamenWithintheplural,weshouldmakeadistinctionbetweenwe-inclusive-of-addresseeandwe-exclusive-of–addressee.WeShallwedoitnow?（we-exclusive-of–addressee)Weshouldgotobednow.(we-inclusive-of-addressee）UsLetus（we-exclusive-of–addressee)Let’s(we-inclusive-of-addressee）我们（we-exclusive-of–addressee)咱们(we-inclusive-of-addressee）personfirstsecondthirdmaleぼくおれおまえきみかれfemaleわたしわたくしあなたかのじょGender（2）VocativesVocativesarenounphrasesreferringtotheaddressee,butarenotsyntacticallyorsemanticallyincorporatedastheargumentsofapredicate.Calls/summonses(呼唤语utterance-initial)a.HeyDaddy,look,aspiderinthecorner!b.Ladiesandgentlemen,mayIhaveyourattention,please?c.DoctorWilliam,doyouthinkIneedabloodtest?Addresses(称唤语parenthetical)a.I’mafraid,dear,you’llgetlost.b.Teaorcoffee,sir？TimeDeixisTimedeixisisconcernedwiththeencodingoftemporalpointsandspansrelativetothetimeatwhichanutteranceisproducedinaspeechevent.Temporalpointsorspans:Pullthetriggernow!Iusuallygotoschoolat8o’clock.昨天、今天、明天昨天下雨了。今天星期天。我们的明天会更好。Codingtime(CT):themomentofutterance;Receivingtime(RT):themomentofreception.Deicticsimultaneity:RTisidenticaltoCT=CT=RTItiswarmoutside.letterwriting,orpre-recordingofmediaprogrammes=deicticcentreremainsonthespeakerandCT:Thisinterviewisbeingrecordedtoday,Wednesday3July,toberelayedonSunday7July.=deicticcentreisprojectedontheaddresseeandRT:ThisinterviewwasrecordedlastWednesday,3July,toberelayedtoday,Sunday7July(Levinson1983:73--4,Fillmore1997:67-8).Theencodingoftimedeixis:(1)deicticadverbsoftimeand(2)tense.Deicticadverbsoftime:now,todayproximaltimethen,soon,yesterday,tomorrow,recently,etcdistaltimePre-emptiveusage(时间指示语的先用现象）：在同一时间的情况下，先用那些笼统的，不确定的时间指示语，而不用那些表达确定时间或绝对时间的指示语。a1.Doitat10:36.a2.Doitnow.b1.I’llseeyouonFriday.b2.I’llseeyoutoday.b3.I’llseeyoutomorrow..Question:I’llgotoBeijingnextThursday.NextThursday(whenwillthisphrasecarryambiguity?)todayNextthursdayambiguousFriday/Saturday6/5dayslaterN.下一个星期四=下周的星期四Wednesday/Thursday8/7dayslaterN.下一个星期四=下周的星期四Monday/Tuesday3/2dayslateror10/9dayslaterY.下一个星期四!=下周的星期四ComplexsituationsThismonthnextMondaylastyearDeicticmodifier:this,next,last+Non-deicticname:month,Monday,yearTwodistinctions:calendrical:afixed-lengthsequenceofnaturalgiventimeunits(year,month,week)non-calendrical:timemeasureperiodsareusedonlyasunitsofmeasure(fortnight)positional:Monday,January,morningnon-positional:year,month,week,ThisX,Xisanon-posi