高中英语外研版选修7Module 1 Section Ⅲ Grammar ― 构词法

语法图解SectionⅢGrammar—构词法探究发现①Hewasnamedtheirmostvaluedplayerfivetimes.②Let'shaveaswim.③Wewilltryourbesttobetterourlivingconditions.④Thegirlinblackappearsverybeautiful.⑤impossiblemisunderstanddisagree⑥huntermovementinvention[我的发现](1)①句中，name通常为名词，此处用作词。(2)②句中，swim通常为动词，此处用作词。(3)③句中，better通常为形容词，此处用作词。(4)④句中，black通常为形容词，此处用作词。(5)⑤中，黑体部分为；⑥中，黑体部分为。前者一般不会改变一个词的词性，后者往往一个词的词性。动名动名前缀后缀改变一、词的转化1．概念：由一种词类转化为另一种词类，称为词的转化。2．常见的词类转化形式：(1)名词转化为动词bookn．书→v.预订；预约dustn．灰尘，尘埃→v.打扫filmn．电影；影片→v.拍电影；拍摄fishn．鱼→v.钓鱼mailn．邮件→v.邮寄；发送seatn．座位→v.使就座，容纳shipn．船→v.用船运送；遣送shouldern．肩膀→v.负责任，肩负，承担trainn．火车→v.训练，培养watern．水→v.浇水Weshouldshouldertheseresponsibilities.我们应当担负起这些责任。(2)动词转化为名词dressv．(给……)穿衣服→n.连衣裙dreamv．做梦→n.梦lookv．看；寻找→n.看；神色lovev．爱，喜欢→n.爱；爱人plantv．种植→n.植物；工厂smellv．闻到→n.气味studyv．学习；研究→n.学习；研究；书房betv．下赌注→n.打赌；赌注swimv．游泳→n.游泳tryv．尝试→n.尝试kickv．踢→n.踢；踢脚workv．工作→n.工作Inthebeginning,Johndidgoodworkatschool.开始时约翰在学校的成绩不错。[名师点津]由动词转化而来的名词常与give,have,make,take等动词搭配来表示一个动作。giveakick踢haveaswim游泳makeabet打赌(3)形容词转化为动词dirtyadj.脏的→v.(使)变脏dryadj.干燥的→v.擦干，(使)变干emptyadj.空的→v.倒空freeadj.自由的→v.释放narrowadj.狭窄的→v.(使)变窄slowadj.缓慢的→v.(使)减速quietadj.安静的→vt.使平静；使安心Theroomgraduallyquieteddown.屋里慢慢静了下来。(4)形容词转化为名词chemicaladj.化学的→n.化学制品，化学药品dailyadj.每天的→n.日报finaladj.最后的→n.决赛nativeadj.当地的→n.当地人quietadj.安静的→n.宁静；平静totaladj.总的→n.总数rightadj.正确的→n.正确wrongadj.错误的→n.错误，坏事Hedidn'tknowthedifferencebetweenrightandwrong.他不辨是非对错。[即时演练1]写出下列黑体单词的词性和词义①Heknewtheanswertothequestion.②Thehallcanseattwothousandpeople.③Thosewhodowrongshouldbepunished.④Washanddryyourhandsbeforeyoueatmeal.n.答案n.坏事v.擦干v.容纳(5)其他词类转化情况outadv.往外，向外→n.托词；出路southn．南方→adv.向南，朝南upadv.在上面→n.增长upstairsn．楼上→adv.在楼上Comedowntouswecan'thearyouupstairs.下来到我们这儿来，你在楼上我们听不清楚。[即时演练2]完成句子①Thecaseforthesebooks.箱子已经被倒空用来装这些书。②Itwillawholelotofdebt.它会使我们摆脱巨额债务。③Sheandbegandrivingupanarrowroad.她放慢车速，开始驶上一条狭窄的道路。hasbeenemptiedfreeusofslowedthecar④Jeremywantssomebeforehisbigmatch.杰里米希望在大赛来临之前能享受到些许平静和安宁。⑤Thecompanieshave776employees.这些公司总计有776名员工。⑥Parentsandchildrenshouldcommunicatemorebetweenthemsothattheycanunderstandeachotherbetter.家长们和孩子们应该多交流以缩小他们之间的代沟，以便他们能更好地了解彼此。peaceandquietatotaloftonarrowthegap二、词的派生1．概念：由一个词根加上前缀或后缀，构成另一个单词的方法叫派生法。2．常用前缀(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有：dis­，il­，im­，in­，ir­，mis­，non­，un­等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。appear出现→disappear消失correct正确的→incorrect不正确的lead带领→mislead引入歧途stop停下→non­stop不停(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有：a­(多构成表语形容词),anti­(反对；抵抗),auto­(自动),co­(共同),en­(使),inter­(互相),re­(再；又),sub­(下面的；次；小),tele­(强调距离)等。alone单独的antigas防毒气的Internet互联网subway地铁telephone电话auto­chart自动图表enjoy使高兴reuse再使用，重复使用cooperate合作[即时演练3]根据汉语提示，运用所学前缀知识写出正确的单词①agree→(不同意)②ability→(无能；无力)③understand→(误解；误会)④profit→(非营利的)⑤social→(反社会的)⑥depend→(相互依赖的)⑦set→(调整；重新设置)⑧danger→(使遭危险)disagreeinabilitymisunderstandnon­profitantisocialinterdependentresetendanger3．常用后缀(1)名词后缀形式意义举例age表状态、性质shortage(缺乏)ance/ence指行为、状态performance(演出，表演)dom指性质、状态freedom(自由)ee表某物的承受者employee(雇员),trainee(实习生)er/or指人的身份worker(工人),bachelor(单身汉)ess指人的身份hostess(女主人)ese表示国籍Chinese(中国人)hood表身份、性质neighborhood(邻里)，manhood(男子气概)形式意义举例ian指人的身份musician(音乐家)ion/tion表情况、状态fashion(时髦),tradition(传统)ist从事……的人dentist(牙科医生)ment指行为、状态amusement(娱乐)ness表状态、性质kindness(仁慈)ship表状态、技能hardship(苦难),workmanship(工艺)[即时演练4]用所给词的适当形式填空①Theladyisoneofthegreatest(novel)alive.②The(govern)wasleavingameetingwithUSofficialswhenhewasshot.③It'sdifficulttotellthe(different)betweenthetwowords.④Shehopedthathersonwouldbecomea(music)．⑤Theteacherwaspleasedwithher(honest)．novelistsgovernordifferencehonestymusician(2)形容词后缀形式意义举例al具有……性质的personal(个人的)，regional(地区的)en有……性质的golden(金色的)，woolen(毛的)ful充满……的helpful(有帮助的)，fearful(可怕的)able/ible可……的readable(可读的)，accessible(可接近的)形式意义举例ive有……作用的productive(生产的)，active(积极主动的)ly像某种举止/性格/外貌般的friendly(友好的)，orderly(整齐的)ous充满……的dangerous(危险的)，famous(著名的)some引起/产生……的troublesome(令人烦恼的)，tiresome(令人讨厌的)[即时演练5]写出下列单词的形容词形式①nature→②fool→③gold→④care→⑤excite→⑥enjoy→naturalfoolishgoldencarefulexcited/excitingenjoyable(3)动词后缀­en(使成为、变得),­fy(使得、变成),­is(z)e(成为、使)wide→widen加宽，beauty→beautify美化，real→realize意识到，organ→organize组织(4)副词后缀­ly(以……方式),­wards(向……方向)direct→directly直接地，on→onwards向前[即时演练6]完成句子①Hecameupwithaprogram.他提出了一个美化国内公路的计划。②Thecitythestreet.该城市正在拓宽这条街。③We'll.我们将筹划一次英语口语比赛。④Heschool.他开车直接去学校。tobeautifythenation'shighwaysiswideningorganizeanoralEnglishcontestdrovedirectlytoⅠ.用所给词的适当形式填空1．Ifthey(nurse)properly,therareplantswillflowerinearlyspring.2．He(fool)alotofpeopleintobelievingthathewasanhoneststatesman.3．I'mtiredout.Ihavebeen(shop)allafternoonandIdon'tseemtohavefinishedanything.4．Inspiteofrepeatedwrongsdonetohim,helooks(friend)topeoplegreetinghim.arenursedshoppingfooledfriendly5．Cyclingishighly(benefit)topeople'shealthandtheenvironment.6．LilyseemstoknowalotaboutHongKong,but(actual)shehasneverbeenthere.7．Kateisa(n)(gift)singer.Shewonseveralawardsatanearlyage.8．Today,freshfruitfromthesetrees(ship)fromonecountrytoanother.9．Youareworkingtoohard.You'dbetterkeepa(balance)betweenworkandrelaxation.10．Afterschool,thestudentdidn't(head)straighthome.Instead,hewentintoanetbar.beneficialactually