功能食品及其生物功效

FunctionalFoods&BiologicalFunction功能食品及其生物功效李士明2016年2月20日FDA：Food&DrugAdministration美国食品药品管理局•Foods食品Foods,meats,beverages,etc.所有食物、肉类、饮料等FDAlooselycontrolled,self-dicipline靠自律，FDA介入少ParallelwithUSDA•Drug药品Drugs所有药物Micro-managementFDA管理控制几乎每一步FunctionalFoods–USDefinition美国功能食品的定义•Naturallyoccurringbioactivesubstance天然产生的具有生物活性的物质•Component(s)beingaddedforbioactivity（食品中）添加具有生物活性的化合物•Component(s)beingmodifiedinnaturalornon-conventionalprocessforeffectiveness(efficacyand/orbioavailability)（食品中的）天然物用自然的方法或者是非传统的方法加工，目的是增加有效活性（即增加体内活性或者、和生物利用度）USFunctionalFoods美国功能食品分类•Foods食品Polyphenolrichteadrinks富含茶多酚的茶Premiumorangejuice鲜榨橙汁（没有加水）•DietarySupplements膳食补充剂Fishoil深海鱼油Melononin褪黑素Maca玛咖•Medicalfoods医用食品FunctionalFoodsUSCategorySnapshot美国功能食品一览$34.3B2007ConsumerSalesofFunctionalFoodsallchannelsCategory$Sales(MM)GrowthBeverages饮料19,57311.8%Bread/Grain面包/谷物6,1585.0%Packaged&PreparedFoods有包装成品4,0829.0%SnackFood加餐/零食2,4894.4%Dairy奶类1,7837.6%Condiments糖果2535.8%Total总计34,3389.4%美国2003到2007功能食品销售额CAGR=10.9%美国2007功能食品和功能饮料销售总额•FunctionalFoodmarketgrowth：2.5timesthatofUSretailfoodin2007功能食品的涨速是普通食品的2.5倍Growthisfueledbyconsumerinterestandnewproductslaunches能动力：消费者需求和新产品上市558newproductslaunchedin2007,335morethanin2006NewProductDevelopmentdrivesgrowth:359newfunctionalfood&beverageslaunchedinfirstninemonthsof2008前9个月有359个功能食品和饮料推向市场•StrategicEntriesareaccelerating：Danone:ActiviaKraft:LiveActiveKellogg’s:LiveBrightBrainHealthBarsUnilever:PromiseActivSuperShotsforBloodPressure•Energydrinks&Probioticproductsare“hot”becauseconsumerscanfeelthedifference6GlobalMarketofFunctionalFoods全球市场7Globalsalesin2013:$43.3B(全球2013市场433亿美元）26.7%increaseover2009（比2009增加26.7%）USNutritionIndustrySalesof$58Billion2002美国营养品市场580亿美元TrendtowardhealthyBeverageBottledWater:瓶装水：InUS(2008):32.6billionLitersWorld-wide(2006):177.9billionLitters健康饮料市场是大趋势！Trendtowardhealthyfoods健康食品趋势USA美国市场：2002$58Billions2004$72BillionsWhyFunctionalFoods?功能食品=食品+功效？为什么功能食品12营养素改变基因的作用机理13对基因表现的影响例子参考文献DNA修复烟酸，叶酸HagemanandStierum,2001ModulatetranscriptionfactoractivityVitA,茶黄素Pegorier,etal.2004DNA甲级化叶酸DavisandUthus,2004mRNA稳定性铁，葡萄糖Salati,etal.2004Turnoverofregulatoryproteins茶多酚ShayandBanz,2005基因涉足的疾病多基因/表观遗传基因单基因引起的疾病14功能食品产品•葡萄子提取物•蔓越梅•锯形叶植物•苹果皮•石榴•桔皮•茶•...•鱼油（Omega-3)•鱼肝油•葡萄糖胺•助消化酶•…15Nutrigenomics营养组合学•Effectofdietarybioactivecompoundsongeneexpression膳食生物活性化合物对基因表达的影响•Bioactivesinfood,whethernutritiveofnon-nutritives,actasdietarysignalsthatmanipulateourhighlyorganized,highlyregulatedDNA食品活性物调控DNA•Themostimportanteffectsoffoodoccuratthemolecularlevel,generatesignificanteffectsondiseasestatesinhumans食品从分子层面对生成人类疾病起重要作用•Wearewhatweeat!Hintfromthehistory•In1965,Jacob,MonodandLwoffwereawardedtheNobelPrizeinmedicinefortheirmanydiscoveryingeneticcontrolofenzymes1965年诺贝尔医学奖：发明基因能够控制酶•TheyshowedthatinE.Coli,3genesarecoordinatelyregulatedbythepresenceorabsenceoflactose,resultingindifferentgeneproducts.三位获奖者发现乳糖调节大肠杆菌的3个基因Newsweek,January17,2005绿茶可以静止有些妇女的乳腺癌基因Newsweek,January17,2005大豆影响123个基因涉及前列腺癌Newsweek,January17,2005西兰花增强保护心脏病的基因Newsweek,January17,2005黄姜抑制促炎基因大众医学，2012，2，39Inflammation23熊熊内火“炎症很可能是很多中老年最可怕疾病的驱动机”“Inflammationmaybetheenginethatdrivesmanyofthemostfearedillnessesofmiddleandoldage.”TheFiresWithin,Time,Feb23,2004美国《时代周刊》：2004年2月23日：炎症和疾病25衰老关节炎疼痛哮喘牙周病干眼病癌症前期皮炎动脉硬化认知功能损伤代谢综合征糖尿病肥胖症三高：血压，血脂，胆固醇•心血管病（CVD）•癌症•结核，败血症•麻风病（Leprosy）•骨关节炎（Osteoarthritis）•风湿性关节炎（RA）•炎性肠疾病(Crohnsdisease,ulcerativecolitis)•胃溃疡和十二指肠溃疡•肝硬化Livercirrhosis•支气管炎Bronchialasthma•牛皮癣（Psoriasis）功能食品抗炎•葡萄,葡萄籽,葡萄皮•樱桃，橄榄•茶，红茶，绿茶，乌龙茶，白茶，生普尔茶•芦荟，胡罗卜，•蓝莓，曼越梅，黑莓，桑椹•红石榴，西红柿•姜，黄姜•……26炎症癌变Panetal,J.Agric.FoodChem.2009,57,4467–4477癌症化学预防机理抑制去毒维修抗氧化机理抗炎机理激素控制抑制扩散细胞诱导列分细胞诱导死亡抑制血管生成OOHOHOHHOOHOOHOHOHOHHOH3COHOOCH3OHOOHCabbageSONCSNCSNCSSulforaphanePhenethylisothiocyanateBenzylisothiocyanateCherriesAll-trans-retinoicacidGrape,redwineOHOHHOResveratrolBlueberriesHOOCH3OCH3PterostilbeneTumericCurcuminGingerH3COOOHHOH3COOHO[6]-gingerol[6]-shogaolRosemary,sageOHHOH3CCH3HCOOCarnosolOHOOHOHOHCyanidinOHOProanthocyanidinsBerriesManybioactivecontainingnaturalproductspossessingstrongchemopreventiveactivityinanimalmodels许多天然产物及其所含化合物都有很强的癌症预防作用DietarynaturalcompoundsasinhibitorsofcancerhallmarksModifiedfromHanahanandWeinberg,Cell.2011,144(5):646-74抑制癌症的天然膳食化合物食品提取物与功能Extracts提取物•Sawpalmetto(锯型叶）•Milkthistle（奶蓟草）•Panaxnotoginseng(三七)•Ginkgobiloba(银杏叶)•Blacktea(红茶)•Citruspeel(橘皮)•P.multiforum(何首乌)Function功能•DecreaseofBPHsymptoms•Liverprotection•Stoppingbleeding•Improvingbloodflow,protectionagainstROS,blockageofplateletaggregation•Anti-inflammation•ReduceRCSArtemesinin青蒿素•東晋名医葛洪《肘后备急方》中称有“青蒿一握，水一升渍，绞取汁服”可治“久疟”•屠呦呦2015诺贝尔医学奖Sourceofmedicines医药的源泉33Yewtree：紫杉醇Taxol青蒿：ArtemesininCinchonatree:Quinine(奎宁)土曲霉A.terreus:SimvastatinAspirin阿斯匹林众多药物来自海洋生物“Letfoodbethymedicine,andmedicinebethyfood.”Hippocrates,400BCand“Primumnonnocere.”(First,donoharm)“医食同源”病从口入高脂肪食物血管硬化堵塞肠道肝心脏病Oxygen氧•Oxygenexistsinairasadiatomicmolecule,O2,whichshouldbecalleddioxygen.氧分子是二聚体•Exceptforcertainanaerobicandaero-tolerantunicellularorganisms,allani