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应用电化学化学工程学院研究生课课程内容1.电化学概述及其基础理论2.电催化过程与电催化动力学机理3.化学电源4.金属表面精饰5.电解合成与电解工业6.电化学传感器7.电化学防腐第一章电化学概述及其基础理论1.电化学发展简史-Ahistoricalviewofelectrochemicalscience2.电化学研究对象-Whatdoeselectrochemistrydealwith?3.电化学过程和电化学反应的特点-Thefeaturesofelectrochemicalprocessesandreactions;4.电化学研究的策略与思想-Thephilosophyandstrategiesinelectrochemicalstudies电化学发展史Historyofmorethantwocenturies1791伽伐尼Galvani(Italy)biologicalelectricphenomena1799伏打Volta(Italy)Voltacell1800尼科尔森-卡莱尔Nicholson-Carlisle(England)waterelectrolysis1834法拉第Faraday(England)Faradaylaw1870Helmholtz(Germany)theoryforelectricdoublelayer1889能斯特Nernst(Germanny)Nernstequation1905塔菲尔Tafel(Germanny)Tafelequation1920s-70sButler,Vomer,Frumkin,Bockris,Bard….1970s-ElectrochemistryatmolecularandatomiclevelElectrochemi-calThermodyna-micsModernelectrochemistryElectroche-micalkinetics现代电化学涉及学科领域:Chemistry,Physics,MathematicsSpectroscopes(spectroscopicelectrochemistry)Biologicalscience(bio-electrochemistry)Environmentalscience(environmentalelectrochemistry)Quantumandcomputationmechanics(theoreticandcomputationalelectrochemistry)Materialscience(materialelectrochemistry)Nanoscienceandnanotechnology(Nano-electrochemistry)......ElectrochemicalScience&TechnologiesElectricphenomena/processesElectricpowerChargeformation&transferElectrochemicalreactionsEnergyconversionChemicalphenomena/processesChemicalpowerformation&transformationofmatters电化学作为基础科学的研究范围Electroche-mistrySolid-liquidinterfaceMethodsforstudyingtheinterfaceInterfacialchargetransferMasstransport...InterfacialadsorptionBatteriesElectrochemicalprotectionofmaterialsElectrolysis&electrosynthesisElectrochemicaltherapyElectrochemicalsensorsElectrochemicaltreatmentsofwastesenergyresourcesenvironmentshealthElectroche-mistry电化学作为技术的研究范围电化学研究对象WhatdoesElectrochemistrydealwith?•研究化学能与电能之间相互转换的原理与技术(Thelawsandthetechnologiesconcerningtheconversionbetweenchemicalenergyandelectricalenergy)•研究化学现象与电现象的相关性(Interrelationbetweenchemicalphenomena(chemicalreactions,chemicalchanges,etc.)andelectricphenomena(charge,current,potential,electricfield,etc.))•研究发生在电极与电解质界面的现象、过程和反应(Thephenomena,processesandreactionsoccurringatinterfacebetweenanelectronicconductor(electrode)andanionicconductor(electrolyte))Electronicconductors(Metals、Semiconductors);Ionicconductors(electrolytesolutions,solidelectrolyte,ionicliquid,meltedsalts);电化学池两类导体ionicconductor+-electronicconductorelectronicconductorVAInterfaceInterfaceElectrodeElectrodeHowdoesthecurrentflowattheinterfacebetweentypesofconductors?Note:Ionicconductorsalonecannotconstituteaclosedcircuittoconductcurrent.自发的电化学反应—原电池(Galvaniccell)H2+O2H2O+H(Q)H22H++2e-4e-+O2+4H+2H2OH2+O2H2O+G(W)e-H+Chemicalenergy→HeatChemicalenergy→WorkElectronsactasreactantorproductChemicalreactionElectrochemicalreactionFe2O3+C+H(Q)Fe+CO2C+2O2-CO2+4e-Fe2O3+6e-2Fe+3O2-e-Fe2O3+C+G(W)Fe+CO2不自发的电化学反应—电解池(Voltaiccell)ChemicalreactionElectrochemicalreactionHeat→ChemicalenergyWork→Chemicalenergy电化学反应的特征•整个氧化还原反应由发生在电极/电解质界面(Electrodes/electrolyteinterfaces)上的两个独立的半反应(half-reactions)组成.Electrodeelectrolyte电荷(电子或离子)传输betweentheelectrodesandchemicalspeciesalwaysoccursandacurrentflows.如何控制反应方向和速率?固相/溶液界面上的电极反应机理PotentialshiftsnegativelyOz+eRz-1电极电势控制电极的Feimi能级,决定电荷传递的方向和速率LUMOHOMO-Rz-1Oz-Rz-1OzErEFEFEre平衡态LUMOHOMO电极和电极的类型电极与电解质(或电解质溶液)接触的电子导体(或半导体)。电化学体系借助于电极实现电能的输入或输出,电极是实施电极反应的场所。分类①金属电极:由金属及相应离子组成,其特点是氧化还原对可以迁越相界面,如Cu2+|Cu。②氧化还原电极:由惰性金属电极及溶液中氧化还原离子对组成,特点是氧化还原对不能迁越相界面。如,Pt|Fe2+,Fe3+等。④难溶盐电极:氧化还原对的一个组元为难溶盐或其它固相,它包含着三个物相两个界面,如AgCl电极:Ag(s)|AgCl(s)|Cl-;HgO电极:Hg(l)|HgO(s)|OH-。③气体电极:由惰性金属电极及氧化还原对中一个组元为气体组成的,如氢电极Pt|H2(g)|H+(aq)。⑤膜电极:利用隔膜对单种离子透过性或膜表面与电解液的离子交换平衡所建立起来的电势,测定电解液中特定离子的活度如玻璃电极、离子选择电极等。⑥化学修饰电极:将活性集团、催化物质附着在电极金属表面上,使之具有较强特征功能。单层吸附膜复合膜⑦多重电极:金属/溶液界面间存在着一种以上的电极反应。电极的作用Toserveaselectronreservoir(sources,sink)Toprovideandmodulatethedrivingforceofreaction(potential)TocollectandconductthereactioncurrentCatalystRz-1OzEreLUMOHOMO电化学的研究对象和研究任务•反应速率~电势间的依赖关系(TheReactionrate~Potentialdependenceandthenaturebehind)Ei~电化学反应What?---ThereactionstoichiometryWhy?---ThereactionthermodynamicsHow?---Thereactionmechanismandkinetics(rates)主要研究内容:电化学基本定律(theFaradaylaw))()/()/(:densityCurrent22SecondsdtcmCoulombsdQcmAmperesjdtdNcmondmolv)sec/(:rateReaction2nFQNnFivO+ne-R电化学的研究策略—三电极体系WorkingelectrodePotentialcontrolormonitorCurrentcontrolormonitorAuxiliaryelectrodeReferenceelectrode三电极体系示意图工作电极(workingelectrode):研究电化学反应发生的电极。参比电极(referenceelectrode):用于测定研究电极(相对于参比电极)的电势。辅助电极(counterelectrode):与工作电极组成回路,使工作电极上电流畅通。工作电极的要求:(1)所研究的电化学反应不会因电极自身所发生的反应而受到影响;(2)能够在较大的电位区域中进行测定;(3)电极不与溶剂或电解液组分发生反应。辅助电极的要求:(1)具有大的表面积,使极化主要作用于工作电极上;(2)本身电阻小,且不易极化。参比电极的要求:(1)可逆电极,电极电势符合Nernst方程;(2)流过微小的电流时,电极电势能迅速恢复原状;(3)具有良好的电势稳定性和重现性。水溶液体系常见参比电极:饱和甘汞电极(SCE)、Ag/AgCl电极、标准氢电极(SHE或NHE)等。非水体系常用参比电极:Ag/Ag+(乙腈)。何为ReversibleHydrogenElectrode(RHE)&DynamicHydrogenElectrode(DHE)?提问PtCH+=1mol.l-1H2H2H22H++2e-标准氢电极(StandardHydrogenElectrode,SHE)饱和甘汞电极(Saturatedcalomelelectrode,SCE)MetalwireKClsolutionHg2Cl2HgPtwireHg2Cl2+2e-2Hg+2Cl-隔膜将电解槽分隔为阳极区和阴极区,以保证阴极和阳极上发生氧化还原反应的反
本文标题:应用电化学课件
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