英国文学史习题第二、三部分

PartIITheRenaissanceI．Fillintheblanks.1.The16thcenturyinEnglandwasaperiodofthebreakingupof_____________relationsandtheestablishingofthefoundationsof_______________.2.____________brokeoffwiththePope,dissolvedallthemonasteriesandabbeysinthecountry,confiscatedtheirlandsandproclaimedhimselfheadof______________________.3.TheoldEnglisharistocracyhavingbeenexterminatedinthecourseoftheWarof________,anewnobility,totallydependentonKing’spower,cometothefore.4.AbsolutemonarchyinEnglandreacheditssummitduringthereignof__________.5._____________wasthefirsttointroducethesonnetintoEnglishliterature.InElizabethantime,thethreegreatestsonnetwritersareWilliamShakespeare,__________________and_________________.6.Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,and___________aregenerallyregardedasShakespeare’sfourgreattragedies.7.Duringthetwenty-twoyearsofhisliterarywork,Shakespeareproduced______plays,_____narrativepoemsand______sonnets.8.TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustusisoneof______________’sbestplays.Anditishimwhomade__________theprincipalvehicleofexpressionindrama.9._____________isoftenreferredtoasthepoets’poet.10.PopedescribedFrancisBaconasthe___________,___________,_____________ofmankind.Bacon’sworksmaybedividedintothreeclasses,the__________,the__________,the_________works.II.FindoutthematchfromcolumnBforeachitemincolumnA.(I)Findouttheauthorandhiswork.AB1.()ThomasMorea.GorgeGreen2.()EdmundSpenserb.Eupheus3.()JohnLylyc.TheFairyQueen4.()Marlowed.Utopia5.()RobertGreenee.TheJewofMalta(II).TherelationshipwithHamlet.AB1.()Ghosta.friend2.()Claudius.b.mother3.()QueenGertrudec.father4.()Horatiod.girlfriend5.()Polonius..e.girlfriend’sfather6.()Ophelia.f.uncle(III).Thecharacterintheplay.AB1.()TheMerchantofVenicea.Desdemona2.()AsYouLikeItb.Cordelia3.()Hamletc.Juliet4.()KingLeard.Ophelia5.()Othelloe.Portia6.()RomeoandJulietf.RosalindIII.Definetheliterarytermslistedbelow.1.Renaissance:1)Theword,meaning“rebirth”,iscommonlyappliedtothemovementorperiodwhichmarksthetransitionfromthemedievaltothemoderninWesternEurope.2)Intheusualsenseoftheword,Renaissancesuggestsespeciallythe14th,15th,16th,andearly17thcenturies,thedatesdifferingfordifferentcountries.3)(ItisbesttoregardtheRenaissanceastheresultofanewemphasisuponandanewcombinationoftendenciesandattitudesalreadyexiting,stimulatedbyaseriesofhistoricalevents.)ThenewhumanisticlearningresultedfromtherediscoveryofclassicalliteratureisfrequentlytakenasthebeginningoftheRenaissanceonitsconscious,intellectualside,sinceitwastothetreasuresofclassicalcultureandtotheauthorityofclassicalwritersthatthepeopleoftheRenaissanceturnedforinspiration.2.sonnet:1)Itisalyricpoemof14lineswithformalrhymescheme,expressingdifferentaspectsofasinglethought,mood,orfeeling,sometimesresolvedorsummedupinthelastlinesofthepoem.2)TheformoriginatedfrommedievalItalyinabout1230-1240,andreacheditspeakwiththeItalianpoetPetrarch.Inthefirsthalfofthe16thcentury,ThomasWyattintroducedtheItaliansonnetintoEnglandandestablishedEnglishsonnet.ThemostfamousEnglishsonnetsequencesappearedinElizabethantimes,includingSirPhilipSidney’sAstrophilandStella(1591),EdmundSpenser’sAmoretti(1595)andShakespeare’sSonnets(1593-1598).3)ThetwomainformsofthesonnetarethePatrarchan,orItalian,andtheEnglish,orShakespearean.Theformerconsistsofanoctave,oreight-linestanza,andasestet,orsix-linestanza.Theoctavehastwoquatrains,rhymingabba,abba;thefirstquatrainpresentsthetheme,theseconddevelopsit.Thesestetisbuiltonafewdifferentrhymes,arrangedcddcee,cdecde,cdccdc,orcdedce;thefirstthreelinesexemplifyorreflectonthetheme,andthelastthreelinesbringthewholepoemtoaunifiedclose.PhilipSidney’ssonnetsareexcellentexamplesofthisstyleintheEnglishlanguage.4)TheEnglishsonnetconsistsofthreequatrains,eachrhymeddifferently,withafinal,independentlyrhymedcoupletthatmakesaneffective,unifyingclimaxtothewhole.Therhymeschemeisabab,cdcd,efef,gg.3.humanism:1)Broadly,thistermsuggestsanyattitudewhichtendstoexaltthehumanelementsorstresstheimportanceofhumaninterests,asopposedtothesupernatural,divineelements—orasopposedtothegrosser,animalelements.2)Inamorespecificsense,humanismsuggestsadevotiontothosestudiessupposedtopromotehumanculturemosteffectively—inparticular,thosedealingwiththelife,thought,language,andliteratureofancientGreeceandRome.InliteraryhistorythemostimportantuseofthetermistodesignatetherevivalofclassicalculturewhichaccompaniedtheRenaissance.4.tragedy:1)Tragedyisconcernedwiththeharshnessandapparentinjusticeoflife.2)Itusuallyrecountsanimportantandcausallyrelatedseriesofeventsinthelifeofapersonofsignificance.Theeventswouldculminateintrialsandcatastrophesofahero,whofallsdownfrompowerandwhoseeventualdeathleadstothedownfallofothers.Oftenthehero’sfallfromhappinessisduetoaweaknessinhischaracter,aweaknesssuchastheexcessiveprideofFaustus,theoverweeningambitionofMacbeth,ortheuncontrolledjealousyofOthello,whichbringsself-destruction.3)Thetragicactionarousedfeelingsofaweintheaudience,whooftenleavethetheatrewitharenewedsenseoftheseriousnessandsignificanceofhumanlife.Thewordcatharsisisoftenusedtodescribetheaudience’sfeelings.Itmeansthe