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杭州湾跨海大桥项目融资分析杭州湾跨海大桥项目融资分析杭州湾跨海大桥项目融资分析I内容摘要项目融资在我国处于萌芽阶段,但由于与传统直接投资方式相比有诸多优势,为了适应我国经济的高速发展,所以通过项目融资引入外资来建设我国的基础设施很有必要的。本文通过对杭州湾跨海大桥项目的融资分析,进一步加深对项目融资的理解和认识,分析问题,总结经验。文章从项目融资结构逐步展开讨论,对项目融资暴露出的问题进行分析,最后提出可行的改善办法。关键词:杭州湾跨海大桥、项目融资、改善问题杭州湾跨海大桥项目融资分析II目录内容摘要············································································································I1项目融资概述·································································································21.1项目融资的基本内涵··············································································21.1.1项目的概念··················································································21.1.2项目融资的特征及结构···································································21.2项目融资的实际意义···············································································32杭州湾跨海大桥项目的项目融资分析···································································42.1杭州湾跨海大桥项目简介·········································································42.2杭州湾跨海大桥项目融资基本情况·······························································42.2.1杭州湾跨海大桥融资模式介绍····························································42.2.2杭州湾跨海大桥项目融资结构····························································42.2.3杭州湾跨海大桥项目融资的风险·························································52.2.4风险的防范措施··············································································52.3杭州湾跨海大桥的项目融资成本分析····························································62.3.1项目初期的成本分析········································································62.3.2建设完成后运营状况········································································62.3.3原因分析·······················································································73完善我国项目融资的建议··················································································83.1我国当前项目融资存在问题······································································83.1.1融资渠道仍较为单一,过度依赖银行贷款。··········································83.1.2信誉问题·······················································································83.1.3法律问题:管辖法律和法律完善··························································83.2提升我国项目融资水平建议······································································93.2.1为我国发展项目融资培养基础人才······················································93.2.2加强对项目融资方式审批政策的研究···················································93.2.3完善相应法律法规···········································································9结论与展望·······································································································10参考文献··········································································································11杭州湾跨海大桥项目融资分析1引言工程项目融资已经在一些发达国家中,特别是在亚太和拉丁美洲地区的一些发展中国家和地区取得相当大的成功。这种模式突破了长期以来所有国家的主要公共基础设施建设传统上都由国库出资、政府主办的专有范围和框架。在我国,运用工程项目融资加快基础设施建设,既是我国经济发展的客观需要,也是顺应经济体制和融资体制改革、有效利用外资的一项重要举措。本文通过对杭州湾跨海大桥项目融资研究,强化和加深了项目融资意识。第一章对项目的基本内涵、概念以及项目融资的特征结构展开论述,对项目有个初步的把握。第二章对杭州湾跨海大桥项目融资进行详细分析,从融资结构和风险分析与控制进行论述,把握项目的基本融资情况,最后通过对杭州湾跨海大桥项目的项目融资成本分析,提出了理想与现实差距的概念。第三章对杭州湾跨海大桥项目暴露出的问题引申出我国项目融资的问题,最后提出了合理的解决方案。本文从项目的概念入手,详细的阐述了项目融资的原理,对杭州湾跨海大桥项目的融资结构进行分析,同时对暴露出来的问题进行分析与总结,提出了可行的方案,强化和加深了对项目融资的理解。通过案例的剖析,显现出了BOT模式的优点与缺点,有利于改善现有的融资方式,完善我国的项目融资体系。杭州湾跨海大桥项目融资分析21项目融资概述1.1项目融资的基本内涵工程项目融资是“为一个特定的经济实体所安排的融资,其贷款人在最初考虑安排贷款时,满足于使用该经济实体的现金流量和收益作为偿还贷款的资金来源,并满足于使用该经济实体的资产作为贷款的安全保障”。1.1.1项目的概念“项目”一词已经被人们广泛地运用于社会经济和文化生活的各个方面。人们经常用“项目”来表示一类事物。通常引用1964年Mactino的定义:“项目为一个具体规定开始和结束时间的任务。它需要使用一种或多种资源,具有许多个为完成该任务所必须完成的互相独立、互相联系、互相依赖的活动。”项目按照类型可分为七大类:各类开发项目、各种建设工程项目、各种科研项目、各种环保和规划项目、各种社会项目、各种投资项目、各种国防项目1.1.2项目融资的特征及结构项目融资不仅具有一般融资的基本属性,例如“融”为“投”用,其资产结构决定和制约着融资方式、资金结构等,而且具有其自身内在的、固有的、特殊的属性。具体论述如下1.项目的导向型工程项目融资是以项目本身的现金流量和资产作为融资安排的基础,而不是以项目的投资者或者发起人的信资为基础。2.融资目标的确定性任何工程项目都有明确的目标和要求,否则,工程项目管理将是无的方矢。工程项目目标有约束性和成果性之分。3.融资形式的一次性工程项目的一次性、非重复性不仅决定了任何项目管理的特殊性和复杂性,决定了项目作为经济主体的组织形式和管理手段亦只存在于某一段时间内,这就决定了项目的融资一般是一次性的。4.融资总量的限定性由于工程项目规模是确定的,所以其花费的金额也有限,工程预算总额因此确定。杭州湾跨海大桥项目融资分析35.融资来源的特殊性由于项目的类型不同,因此所采用的融资方法也有不同,那么资金来源也有不同。6.有限追索性在传统公司融资方式下,公司将对项目的全部借款承担全部的还贷责任,若项目投资失败,公司将以自身的综合财务效益来归还银行贷款。如果采用项目融资方式,在项目的建设阶段,贷款银行要求投资者或者发起人承担全部或者大部分责任。保证项目公司正常投资运营,而项目一旦建成投入生产或者运营,贷款银行对于投资者的追索要求,将自动调整到局限于项目自身资产及项目的现金流量。7.风险的分担性为实现工程项目融资的有限追索,对于与项目有关的各种风险要素,需要以某种形式在项目投资者与项目开发有直接或间接利益关系和其他参与者和贷款人之间进行分担。1.2项目融资的实际意义有利于改善我国的基础设施落后的状况,有利于改善我国外资利用结构,促进了投资主体的多元化。利用私营部门来提供资产和服务能为政府部门提供更多的资金和技能,促进了投融资体制改革。同时,私营部门参与项目还能推动在项目设计、施工、设施管理过程等方面的革新,提高办事效率,传播最佳管理理念和经验。能减少政府的债务负担和投资支出,继而转嫁给私有企业,使政府节省资金用于其他事业改造中,能有效地吸引外资,促进我国经济发展。杭州湾跨海大桥项目融资分析42杭州湾跨海大桥项目的项目融资分析2.1杭州湾跨海大桥项目简介杭州湾跨海大桥是一座横跨中国杭州湾海域的跨海大桥,它北起浙江嘉兴海盐,南至宁波慈溪,大桥36公里的长度,仅次于刚建成的青岛胶州湾大桥36.48公里,成为世界第二的跨海大桥。杭州湾跨海大桥按双向六车道高速公路设计,设计时速100km/h,设计使用年限100年,总投资约118亿元。大桥总投资超过161亿元人民币。其中大桥部分长36公里,耗资118亿元;北岸连接线部分长29.1公里,投资17亿元;南岸连接线部分长55.3公里,投资34亿元。尽管该工程如此浩大,技术如此复杂,但该工程主要的投资来自浙江省民营企业和地方政府,没有国家投资,这也是杭州湾跨海大桥项目的亮点之一。2.2杭州湾跨海大桥项目融资基本情况2.2.1杭州湾跨海大桥融资模式介绍融资模式多种多样,利用外国政府和银行融资,国内外各类经济组织投资,现在主流的项目融资模式有,BOT、PPP、ABS、BT等。对于高速公路等交通公用设施融资部分也有出售转让现有收费路段经营权,转让收入再投入新路段建设,滚动发展。如今ABS模式广受追捧,它对于个人信用担保要求不高,通过采取各种方式进
本文标题:项目融资论文之杭州湾跨海大桥
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