产品内分工一个分析框架

No.C20040052004-5No.C2004005;[e-mail]311-11-21-31-41-4-1/1-4-2/1-4-3/1-4-4/1-51-5-11-5-21-5-31-622-12-22-2-12-2-22-2-32-2-42-32-3-142-3-22-42-4-12-4-22-533-13-23-3`44-14-24-34-44-54-64-74-855140120032-8AnthonySaich6711-1theDetroitInstituteofArtsDiegoRivera2030RiverRougeheatingmodelingmillingstampingweldingbuffingpaintingassemblyDowns,1999,27RougeKrugman199520Toyotamulti-layeredproductionsystem171470031600Sheard,1983,301-170-802801986256Hill,1989,472-Canada-USautopact6080worldcarstrategy202030-402“thecoreurbanandindustrialregionsofSouthernKantoandtheNagoyoregion”Sheard,1983,56.8Sheard,1983,301-2Intra-productspecializationproductofthefirstorder9NGO3productofthesecondorderproductofthesecondorderinformofpartsproductofthesecondorderinformofrawmaterials453“Finishedgoodsarethecompletedgoodsthatavailableforsaletocustomers”Business:TheUltimateResource()1245,20034“Productionistheprocessesandtechniquesusedinmakingaproduct,alsoknownmanufacturing”Business:TheUltimateResource()p,1315,20035“Leanmanufacturingisbasedonmanagingtheproductvaluestreamfromrawmaterialstoendcustomer,ratherthanfocusingonmanagingseparateassetsandfirms”.“Supplychainisthenetworkofmanufacturers,wholesalers,distributors,andretailers,whoturnrawmaterialsintofinishedgoodsandservicesanddeliverthemtoconsumers.Supplychainsareincreasinglybeingseenasintegratedentities,andcloserrelationshipbetweentheorganization10WTO8061-3technicalspecializationgenericstructure1994691-2N*M+11-2throughoutthechaincanbringcompetitiveadvantage,reducecosts,andhelptomaintainaloyalcustomerbase”.Business:Theultimateresource().1831345,20036111-21-3N*M+11-31-41-4-1/socialspecialization211-12-1211-22-2NM121-3technicalspecialization7RiverRouge71-12-11-22-2NM13horizontalandverticalspecialization1-31-11-22-12-21-12-11-22-2inter-firmspecializationandintra-firmspecializationOEM:Originalequipmentmanufacture88Porter(1985,p.242)OEMZysmanandSchwartz1998OEMFeenstra(1998)14ODMOriginaldesignmanufactureinter-industrytradeintra-industrytradeinter-industryspecializationintra-industryspecialization91-4A/CACBDOEM80Gereffi,Gary(1999)OEMSturgeon(2002,p453)OEM9Inthestandardmodel(ofinternationaltradetheory),inwhichproductionisnottakenasdecomposable.Tradeisassumedtoconsistofgoodswhichhavebeenproducedintheirentiretyinthecountryoforigin.Whatifproductionweredecomposableandwhatifcomponentspossessedvaryingfactorintensities?Wouldtherebegroundforpushingspecializationbeyondthelevelofproductstotheirconstituentpartsoractivities?Wouldtherebegroundsforintra-productspecialization?”(Arndt,1997,p,73).151-4/1-5-160Helleiner197310Finger(1975)60offshoreassemblyoperation10“Thedevelopmentofspecializedlabor-intensiveactivitiesofprocesswithinverticallyintegratedinternationalmanufacturingindustries(Helleiner,1973)”.(A)(C)(B)(D)16DixitandGrossman1982JonesandKierzkowski1990fragmentedproductionArndt1997globalsourcingoffshoresourcingsub-contractingintra-productspecializationJonesandKierzkowski(1990)Arndt1997ArdntandKierzkowski2001Feenstra1998disintegrationofproductionintheglobaleconomyGereffi1999commoditychainYeats(1999)tradeonpartsandcomponentsHummels,etal(2001)112002productionsharingUNCTAD2002Yi2003Porter,1985199958-73Jarillo1988clusterSchmitz1995modularproductionnetworksSturgeon2002111213200320037171-5-2gainrationalessourcespatternabsoluteadvantagecomparativeadvantage20HOtheneo-factorproportiontheoriestheneo-technologymodeltheproductcyclemodelthenewtradetheories200026200319200258-5918paradigm19201963productionsharingschemetariffSchedulesoftheUnitedStatesTSUS806.30807.301598021415807Fingers,1975,36921807/9802Gereffi,1999,4860Finger,1972,365offshoreassemblyprovisionOAP221965maquiladoralawmaquiladorasormaquilas16maquilasthebondisforfeited23CaribbeanBasinUSITC19962-2Morawetz19815650(Gereffi,1999,p.60)607060196141006007080%12Morawetz19817180physicalanthropologyMorawetz19817160-708090Gereffi,1999,4924supplychaincommoditychainvaluechain1718buyer-drivencommoditychain,Gereffi,1999,43191718Gereffi,1999,4319Morawetz19815625Wal-Mart,Searssupplychainmanagement:SCMLi&Fung20032-3Torreion(BairandGereffi,20011894)20sub-contract26-theCanada-UnitedStatesautomotiveproductstradeagreementauto-pactoriginalequipmentpartsallbutspecializedtypesofnewlymanufacturedvehicles221988theCanada-U.S.FreeTradeAgreementCUSFTA1993NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreementNAFTA21TheFordMotorCompanyofCanada(Windsor)190417TheMcLaughlinCarriageCompany(Oshawa)1908McLaughlin1915theAmericanChevroletCompanytheChevroletMotorCompanyMcLaughlinandChevroletcompanies1918GeneralMotorsofCanadaLimitedAmemoofIndustryCanada,pp.15,1822AgreementconcerningautomotiveproductsbetweenthegovernmentofCanadaandthegovernmentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,signedonJanuary16,1965.27161098%863241998104243USITC19992-9flexibleproductionsystemfinalassemblerandcarmakersclustersLecler,2002,799KenneyandFlorida,1994,29Sadler,1997,supplyparksBarcelonaandGoteborgVolvopark75%Larssen,2002,23IndustryCanada2002Canada’sAutomotiveSectorBuildingfortheFuture,Aninternaldocumen