英国皇室历史

ThehistoryofBritishroyalfamilykingdomofEngland（871—1707）Themonarchy（君主）oftheKingdomofEnglandbeganwithAlfredtheGreatandendedwithQueenAnne,whobecameQueenofGreatBritainwhenEnglandmergedwithScotlandtoformaunionin1707.KingdomofGreatBritain（1707—1801）(ScotlandandEngland)TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland（1801—present）(England,scotlandandNorthernIreland)Therehavebeen12monarchsofGreatBritainandtheUnitedKingdom.AnewKingdomofGreatBritainwasformedon1May1707withthemergeroftheKingdomofEnglandandtheKingdomofScotland,whichhadbeeninpersonalunionundertheHouseofStuartsince24March1603.On1January1801,GreatBritainmergedwiththeKingdomofIrelandtoformtheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland.Itsnamewasamendedon12April1927totheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.1HouseofWessex(829—1016)2HouseofDenmark(1013—1066）3HouseofNormandy（1066~1154）4HouseofPlantagenet（orHouseofAnjou）（1154~1399）5HouseofLancaster（1399~1461）6HouseofYork（1461~1485）7HouseofTudor（1485~1603）8HouseofStuart（1603~1714）9HouseofHanover(1714–1901)10HouseofSaxe-CoburgandGotha(1901–1917)11HouseofWindsor(1917–present)ThefirsthouseinBritish'shistoryHouseofWessex（威塞克斯王朝）AlfredtheGreat（阿尔弗雷德大帝）wasKingofWessexfrom871to899.AlfredsuccessfullydefendedhiskingdomagainsttheVikingattemptatconquest,andbythetimeofhisdeathhadbecomethedominantrulerinEngland.HeistheonlyEnglishmonarchtobeaccordedtheepithettheGreat.AlfredwasthefirstKingoftheWestSaxonstostylehimselfKingoftheAnglo-Saxons.KingWilliamItheConqueror（1028–1087)（威廉一世）usuallyknownasWilliamtheConqueror(征服者威廉）andsometimesWilliamtheBastard,wasthefirstNormanKingofEngland,reigning（统治）from1066untilhisdeathin1087.WilliamIwasoneofthemostimportantkinginthemiddleage.WilliamIledthegreatestchapteroftheNormanconquest:conquertheKingdomofEngland.(征服英格兰王国）HenryVIII（亨利八世）wasKingofEnglanduntilhisdeath.Besideshissixmarriages,HenryVIIIisknownforhisroleintheseparationoftheChurchofEnglandfromtheRomanCatholicChurch.（与罗马天主教会决裂）HisdisagreementswiththePopeledtohisseparationoftheChurchofEnglandfrompapalauthority.HebecametheSupremeHeadoftheChurchofEngland.(英国教会的最高负责人）MaryI(1516–1558)（玛丽一世）wastheQueenofEnglandandIrelanduntilherdeath.Duringherfive-yearreign,shehadover280religiousdissentersburnedatthestakeintheMarianpersecutions.（五年的统治期间,她有280多宗教反对者死于火刑。）HerexecutionsofProtestants（新教徒）causedheropponents（对手）togiveherthesobriquet（绰号）BloodyMary.（“血腥玛丽”）ElizabethIofEngland（伊丽莎白一世）ElizabethIwasQueenofEnglandandIrelanduntilherdeath.SometimescalledTheVirginQueen,(童贞女王）orGoodQueenBess（好女王贝丝）,thechildlessElizabethwasthelastmonarchoftheTudordynasty.Elizabeth'sreignisknownastheElizabethanera.TheperiodisfamousfortheflourishingofEnglishdrama（英国戏剧的繁荣）,ledbyplaywrightssuchasWilliamShakespeare,andfortheseafaringprowessofEnglishadventurers（英国冒险家的航海能力）suchasFrancisDrake.England'sdefeatoftheSpanishArmada（打败西班牙无敌舰队）in1588associatedElizabethwithoneofthegreatestmilitaryvictoriesinEnglishhistory.QueenVictoria（维多利亚女王）Victoria(1819–1901)wasQueenoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIrelanduntilherdeath.Herreignof63yearsandsevenmonths,whichislongerthanthatofanyotherBritishmonarchandthelongestofanyfemalemonarchinhistory,isknownastheVictorianera.Itwasaperiodofindustrial,cultural,political,scientific,andmilitarychangewithintheUnitedKingdom,andwasmarkedbyagreatexpansionoftheBritishEmpire.ShewasthelastBritishmonarchoftheHouseofHanover.HouseofWindsor(温莎王朝）GeorgeVI（乔治六世）ElizabethII（伊丽莎白二世）伊丽莎白二世加冕照PrinceGeorgeAlexanderLouiseThankyouforyourattention