《语言学》缩写-Abbreviation

[Expand]SupportWikipedia:anon-profitproject—DonateNowAbbreviationFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaJumpto:navigation,searchFortheabbrHTMLtag,seeHTMLelement.ForguidelinesonmakingandeditingabbreviationarticlesonWikipedia,seeWikipedia:Disambiguationandabbreviations.Thisarticleneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingreliablereferences.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(May2008)Anabbreviation(fromLatinbrevisshort)isashortenedformofawordorphrase.Usually,butnotalways,itconsistsofaletterorgroupofletterstakenfromthewordorphrase.Forexample,thewordabbreviationcanitselfberepresentedbytheabbreviationabbr.orabbrev.Contents[hide]1History2Typesofabbreviationo2.1Syllabicabbreviation2.1.1Useinvariouslanguages2.1.2Syllabicabbreviationsinnamesoforganizations3StyleconventionsinEnglisho3.1Lowercaseletterso3.2Periods(fullstops)andspaceso3.3Pluralformso3.4Conventionsfollowedbypublicationsandnewspapers3.4.1UnitedStates3.4.2UnitedKingdom3.4.3Miscellaneousandgeneralrules4Measurement5Seealso6References7Externallinks[edit]HistoryAbbreviationhasbeenusedaslongasphoneticscriptexisted,insomesensesactuallybeingmorecommoninearlyliteracy,wherespellingoutawholewordwasoftenavoided,initialletterscommonlybeingusedtorepresentwordsinspecificapplication.ByclassicalGreeceandRome,thereductionofwordstosingleletterswasstillnormal,butnolongerthedefault.Anincreaseinliteracyhas,historically,sometimesspawnedatrendtowardabbreviation.ThestandardizationofEnglishinthe15ththrough17thcenturiesincludedsuchagrowthintheuseofabbreviation[1].Atfirst,abbreviationsweresometimesrepresentedwithvarioussuspensionsigns,notonlyperiods.Forexample,specificphonemesetslikeerweredroppedfromwordsandreplacedwithɔ,likemastɔinsteadofmasterorexacɔbateinsteadofexacerbate.Whilethisseemstrivial,itwassymptomaticofanattemptbypeoplemanuallyreproducingacademictextstoreducetheircopytime.AnexamplefromtheOxforduniversityRegister,1503:Mastɔsubwardenɔyɔmēdemetoyou.Andwherɔywrottoyouthelastwykethatytrouydeittgoodtodifferrɔthelectionɔovɔtoquīdenaɔtinitatisyhavebethougħtmesynɔthatittwollbethenɔabowtemydsomɔ.Inthe1830sintheUnitedStates,startingwithBoston,abbreviationbecameafad.Forexample,duringthegrowthofphilologicallinguistictheoryinacademicBritain,abbreviatingbecameverytrendy.TheuseofabbreviationforthenamesofFatherofmodernetymologyJ.R.R.TolkienandhisfriendC.S.Lewis,andothermembersofOxfordliterarygroupknownastheInklings,aresometimescitedassymptomaticofthis.Likewise,acenturyearlierinBoston,afadofabbreviationstartedthatswepttheUnitedStates,withthegloballypopulartermOKgenerallycreditedasaremnantofitsinfluence.[2][3]AfterWorldWarII,theBritishgreatlyreducedtheiruseofthefullstopandotherpunctuationsafterabbreviationsinatleastsemi-formalwriting,whiletheAmericansmorereadilykeptitsuseuntilmorerecently,andstillmaintainitmorethanBritons.Theclassicexample,consideredbytheirAmericancounterpartsquitecurious,wasthemaintenanceoftheinternalcommainaBritishorganizationofsecretagentscalledtheSpecialOperations,Executive—S.O.,E—whichisnotfoundinhistorieswrittenafterabout1960.Butbeforethat,manyBritonsweremorescrupulousatmaintainingtheFrenchform.InFrench,theperiodonlyfollowsanabbreviationifthelastletterintheabbreviationisnotthelastletterofitsantecedent:M.istheabbreviationformonsieurwhileMmeisthatformadame.Likemanyothercross-channellinguisticacquisitions,manyBritonsreadilytookthisupandfollowedthisrulethemselves,whiletheAmericanstookasimplerruleandapplieditrigorously.Overtheyears,however,thelackofconventioninsomestyleguideshasmadeitdifficulttodeterminewhichtwo-wordabbreviationsshouldbeabbreviatedwithperiodsandwhichshouldnot.TheU.S.mediatendtoabbreviatetwo-wordabbreviationslikeUnitedStates(U.S.),butnotpersonalcomputer(PC)ortelevision(TV).ManyBritishpublicationshavegraduallydoneawaywiththeuseofperiodsinabbreviationscompletely.Minimizationofpunctuationintypewrittenmatterbecameeconomicallydesirableinthe1960sand1970sforthemanyusersofcarbon-filmribbons,sinceaperiodorcommaconsumedthesamelengthofnon-reusableexpensiveribbonasdidacapitalletter.[edit]TypesofabbreviationApartfromthecommonformofword-contraction,thereareothertypesofabbreviation.Theseincludeacronymandinitialism(includingthree-letteracronyms),apocope,clipping,elision,syncope,syllabicabbreviation,andportmanteauwords.[edit]SyllabicabbreviationSeealso:Clipping(morphology)Asyllabicabbreviation(SA)isanabbreviationformedfrom(usually)initialsyllablesofseveralwords,suchasInterpolforInternationalpolice,butshouldbedistinguishedfromportmanteauwords.Theyareusuallywritteninlowercase,sometimesstartingwithacapitalletter,andarealwayspronouncedaswordsratherthanletterbyletter.[edit]UseinvariouslanguagesSyllabicabbreviationsarenotwidelyusedinEnglishorFrench,butarecommonincertainlanguages,likeGermanandRussian.TheyprevailedinGermanyundertheNazisandintheSovietUnionfornamingtheplethoraofnewbureaucraticorganizations.Forexample,GestapostandsforGeheimeStaats-Polizei,orsecretstatepolice.Thishasgivensyllabicabbreviationsanegativeconnotation,eventh