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6/2/2020Lesson7TheVictorianAge/CharlesDickens6/2/2020ThecontentofteachingI.IntroductoryRemarksⅡ.LiteratureoftheAgeⅢ.VictorianNovelⅣ.CharlesDickens(1812-1870)Ⅴ.OliverTwist6/2/2020QueenVictoria(1837-1901)(AlexandrinaVictoria;1819–1901)6/2/2020TheVictorianAge(Victorianliterature)•Itiscommonlydividedintothreephases:theEarlyVictorianPeriod(1832-1848),atimeoftroubles;theMid-VictorianPeriod(1848-1870),atimeofeconomicprosperityandreligiouscontroversy,andtheLastPeriod(1870-1901),atimecharacterizedbydecayofVictorianvalues.6/2/2020I.Introductoryremarks•DevelopmentofCapitalistIndustryandItsRepercussions,anageofexpansion•TheChartistMovement•Reforms:anageofdemocracy•TheWomenQuestion•Darwin’sTheoryofEvolutionandItsInfluence6/2/2020Ⅱ.LiteratureoftheAge•InimportanceonlynexttotheElizabethanAgeandtheAgeofRomanticism•Greatnovelists:Dickens,Thackeray(VanityFair),andGeorgeEliot(TheMillontheFloss,AdamBede),CharlotteBronteandEmilyBronte•Poets:Tennyson,Browning,andArnold•Essayists:CarlyleandRuskin6/2/20201.DiversityInFormandContentandDifferentLiteraryTrends•ThefirstistheupsurgeofChartistliterature,theproductoftheChartistMovement,appearingalmostentirelyintheChartistpublicationsoftheyearsbetween1839and1858.•ThesecondistheflourishingofrealisticnovelsfromDickenstoHardy.Thisisconsideredthegreatestliteraryachievementoftheage.6/2/2020•Thethirdisthememorablepoetryofthe“BigThree”--Tennyson,Browning,andArnold.•ThefourthistheappearanceofthePre-RaphaeliteBrotherhood,anewmovementinartandpoetryshortlyafter1850,ledbyDanteGabrielRossetti.•ThefifthistheemergenceofAestheticMovementtowardstheendofthecentury,representedbyOscarWilde,whoadvocatedthetheoryofartforart'ssake.”6/2/20202.VarietyinStyleandSubjectMatter•Victorianliteratureisalsocharacterizedbyit’svarietyinstyleandsubjectmatter,sothatitisdifficulttodevisesatisfactorystatementsaboutVictorianliterature,thataregenerallyapplicabletomostoftheVictorianwriters.6/2/20203.ChiefLiteraryCharacteristicsoftheAge•AnAgeofRealisticProseTheVictorianAgeisalsoanageofrealismratherthanofromanticism,arealismwhichstrivetotellthewholetruthshowingmoralandphysicaldiseasesastheyare.Tobetruetolifebecomesthefirstrequirementforliterarywriting.Literatureisthemirroroftruth.6/2/2020•MoralPurposeTheliteratureinthisage,bothinproseandpoetry,seemstodepartfrompurelyartisticstandard(notincludingthe90’s)andtobeactivatedbyadefinitemoralpurpose.6/2/2020IIIVictorianNovel•MostoftheVictoriannovelistswereprimarilyrealists.Theypresentedbeforethereaderscenesandcharactersfromdaily19th-ceaturylife.•TheVictoriannovelistsarealsocalledcriticalrealists,forinadditiontodescribinglife,theywerealsocriticsofthesocietyinwhichtheylived.Theyexposedseverelyandtruthfullythesocialevilsandinjusticeoftheirtime.6/2/2020Ⅳ.CharlesDickens•1.Life(1812-1870)CatherineHogarthDickens6/2/2020•Epitaph:Hewasasympathisertothepoor,thesuffering,andtheoppressed;andbyhisdeath,oneofEngland'sgreatestwritersislosttotheworld.6/2/20202.Works•Uponhisdeath,Dickenslefttotheworldarichlegacyof15novels,andanumberofshortstories.TheyofferamostcompleteandrealisticpictureofEnglishsocietyofhisageandremainthehighestachievementinthe19th-centuryEnglishnovels.•Dickensbeganhisliterarycareerasajournalistandallhisnovelswerepublishedseriallyinperiodicals.Thefollowingisalistofhisnovelsandothercollectionsinthreeperiods.6/2/2020(I)•ThePosthumousPapersofthePickwickClub(1836-37)《匹克威克外传》•OliverTwist(1837-38)《雾都孤儿》•NicholasNickleby(1838-39)《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》•TheOldCuriosityShop(1840-41)《老古玩店》•BarnabyRudge(1844)《巴纳比·拉奇》(II)•AmericanNotes(1842)《美国纪行》•MartinChuzzlewit(1843-45)《马丁·朱淑尔维特》•AChristmasCarol(aChristmasbook)《圣诞颂歌》6/2/2020(III)•DombeyandSon(1846-48)《董贝父子》•DavidCopperfield(1849-50)《大卫·科波菲尔》•BleakHouse(1852-53)《荒凉山庄》•HardTimes(1854)《艰难时世》•LittleDorrit(1855)《小杜丽》•ATaleofTwoCities(1859)《双城记》•GreatExpectations(1860-61)《远大前程》•OurMutualFriend(1864-65)《我们共同的朋友》•TheMysteryofEdwinDrood(unfinished)《艾德温·德鲁德之谜》6/2/20203.DistinctFeaturesofHisNovels1)CharacterSketchesandExaggerations•Typicalcharactersundertypicalcircumstances.•Asamasterofcharacterization,Dickenswasskillfulindrawingvividcaricaturesketchesbyexaggeratingsomepeculiarities,andingivingthemexactlytheactionsandwordsthatfitthem,thatis,rightwordsandrightactionsfortherightperson.GeorgeEliotwrotethathe“canwithaphrasemakeacharacterasrealasfleshandblood.2)BroadHumorandPenetratingSatire6/2/20203)ComplicatedandFascinatingPlot•AdistinctfeatureofDickens’plotformulaisthehappyending.Thegood,whomaysuffermuchasthestorygoes,areusuallyrewarded,andthebad,thoughgettingtheupperhandforthetimebeing,willreceivetheirjustpunishment.However,becauseoftheincreasingpessimismshowninhislaternovels,thehappyendingbecomesquiteunnatural.ItseemsthatDickensdeliberatelymakesitjusttopleasehisreaders.6/2/20204)ThePowerofExposure•AsthegreatestrepresentativeofEnglishcriticalrealism,Dickensmadehisnoveltheinstrumentofmoralityandjustice.Eachofhisnovelsrevealsspecificsocialproblems.ItwassaidthatthepublicationofOliverTwistbroughtaboutsomebetteringofconditionsinEnglishworkhousesduringtheauthor’slifetime.6/2/202
本文标题:英国文学-(1)
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