【走向高考】2017年高考英语一轮复习 第一部分 基础知识聚焦 专题突破解题策略3 阅读理解之词义猜

路漫漫其修远兮吾将上下而求索走向高考·英语人教版·高考总复习专题突破解题策略(三)必修二第一部分基础知识聚焦词义猜测题主要考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解词义的能力，包括考查生词词义和熟词生义，或是一些短语的引申义或一句话的含义。近几年，词义猜测题越来越受到命题者的青睐，近年大部分地区的高考英语试卷都有词义猜测题，有的甚至涉及多道，词义猜测题要求考生在准确理解上下文的基础上答题，若平时就具有较大的阅读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇，那答题就会更加迅速和准确。阅读理解之词义猜测题1.利用上下文语境及生活常识猜测[典例1](2015·四川高考D)...Hetoldpeopleataconference,“Therehavebeenacoupleofstudiessuggestingtheyareincreasingtheirsongoutputatnightandduringthedaytheyarestillsinging.Singingisacostlybehaviourandittakesenergy.Sobyincreasingtheirsongoutput,theremightbesomecostsofenergy.”Anditisnotjustrobinsthatarebeingkeptawakebyartificiallight.Blackbirdsandseagullsarealsobeingmorenocturnal....44．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“nocturnal”inParagraph5mean?A．Activeatnight.B．Inactiveatnight.C．Activeduringtheday.D．Inactiveduringtheday.[解析]A本文主要介绍了一项研究调查的结果，由于人类制造的光线问题，越来越多的鸟类如知更鸟在晚上也会唱歌，这极大地影响了鸟的健康。根据上文的Anditisnotjustrobinsthatarebeingkeptawakebyartificiallight.Blackbirdsandseagullsarealsobeing...可知乌鸦和海鸥情况也一样，也就是说这两种鸟晚上也唱歌，故选择A，指晚上很兴奋。[典例2](2015·浙江高考C)Ifhumansweretrulyathomeunderthelightofthemoonandstars，wewouldgoindarknesshappily，themidnightworldasvisibletousasitistothevastnumberofnocturnal(夜间活动的)speciesonthisplanet.Instead，wearediurnalcreatures,witheyesadaptedtolivinginthesun'slight.Thisisabasicevolutionaryfact,eventhoughmostofusdon'tthinkofourselvesasdiurnalbeings.Yetit'stheonlywaytoexplainwhatwe'vedonetothenight:We'veengineeredittoreceiveusbyfillingitwithlight....51．Whatdoes“it”(Paragraph1)mostprobablyreferto?A．Thenight.B．Themoon.C．Thesky.D．Theplanet.[解析]A文章介绍了光污染对于动物和人类的影响，呼吁我们反思我们的行为。对于这种指代的题目，往往答案是最接近它的一个。根据这种原则，能得出答案是night夜晚。最后一句话的句意是：但是这是唯一的方法去解释我们对于夜晚做了什么：我们设计了光，让光充满星空。2．利用构词法猜测利用上下文中出现的与该词相关的同义词，近义词，甚至反义词，以及前缀、后缀，词根等来推测词义。[典例3](2014·陕西高考B)...Myfatherhadneverreadthestorybefore,butitsoundedlikeO.Henry,andheknewthatO.HenryhadoncelivedinHouston.SoitwaspossiblethatthefamousauthorhadgonetothebeachandstayedintheGalvestonboardinghouse,andhadwrittenthestorythereandleftthemanuscriptbehindbyaccident.MyfathervisitedanO.HenryexpertatColumbiaUniversityinNewYork,whoauthenticatedthestoryasO.Henry's.51．Theunderlinedword“authenticated”inParagraph2probablymeans________.A．namedB．treatedC．provedD．described[解析]Cauthentic的意思是“真正的；真实的”，根据构词法可以推知该词为authentic的动词形式，意为“证明……是真实的”，故答案选C项。3．利用定义，解释，举例进行猜测此类题目会出现类似于：forexample,suchas,mean,referto,thatistosay,inotherwords等词汇或出现破折号、冒号等。[典例4](2014·江西高考D)...leavingtheirhomes.Withthecommunicationgadgets,_suchasmobilephonesandiPads,peopleoftendonottaketheefforttovisitoneanotherpersonally.Apersonalvisitcarrieswithittheadditionalfeatureofhavingtobeintheperson'spresenceforaslongasthevisitlasts.Wecannotunnecessarilyexcuseourselvesorturntheotherpersonoff....71．Theunderlinedword“gadgets”isclosestinmeaningto______.A．toolsB．messagesC．barriersD．skills[解析]A根据词后的“suchasmobilephonesandiPads”以及整篇文章所谈论的话题，可知，gadget的意思是“工具”，故答案是A项。4．根据句子与句子之间的逻辑关系进行猜测在一个句子或段落中，有时会存在两个句子之间的转折，递进，因果，并列，对比等关系的词汇：however,but,so,thus,insteadof,incontrast,what'smore等过渡性词汇。[典例5](2015·北京高考C)LifeintheClearTransparentanimalsletlightpassthroughtheirbodiesthesamewaylightpassesthroughawindow.Theseanimalstypicallylivebetweenthesurfaceoftheoceanandadepthofabout3,300feet—asfarasmostlightcanreach.Mostofthemareextremelydelicateandcanbedamagedbyasimpletouch.SonkeJohnsen,ascientistinbiology,says,“Theseanimalslivethroughtheirlifealone.Theynevertouchanythingunlessthey'reeatingit,orunlesssomethingiseatingthem.”Andtheyareasclearasglass.Howdoesananimalbecomeseethrough?It'strickierthanyoumightthink.Theobjectsaroundyouarevisiblebecausetheyinteractwithlight.Lighttypicallytravelsinastraightline.Butsomematerialsslowandscatter(散射)light,bouncingitawayfromitsoriginalpath.Othersabsorblight,stoppingitdeadinitstracks.Bothscatteringandabsorptionmakeanobjectlookdifferentfromotherobjectsaroundit,soyoucanseeiteasily....64．Theunderlinedword“dead”inParagraph3means________.A．silentlyB．graduallyC．regularlyD．completely[解析]D该词出现在文章第三段第四句。前文提到了：你能看到的物体一种是对光线进行了散射；而另外一种是对光线的吸收。既然吸收了，那在光的传播过程中就完全阻止了，因此这里dead是完全的意思。故选D。[典例6](2015·安徽高考D)...Althoughwehavetorespectpeople'sfeelingsasfellowusersofthebuildings，Ibelievethatitisthedutyofthearchitectandplannertomovethingsforward.Ifwealwaysreproducedwhatwastherebefore，wewouldallstillbelivingincaves.Thus，Iwouldargueagainstcopyingpreviousarchitecturalstylesandchoosesomethingfreshanddifferent，eventhoughthatmightbethemoreriskychoice.70．By“movethingsforward”inthelastparagraph，theauthorprobablymeans“________.”A．destroyoldbuildingsB．putthingsinadifferentplaceC．choosenewarchitecturalstylesD．respectpeople'sfeelingsforhistoricalbuildings[解析]C根据下文中的“Thus,Iwouldargueagainstcopyingpreviousarchitecturalstylesandchoosesomethingfreshanddifferent...”结合画线部分所在的句子，可知答案选C项。1.词义猜测题最常见的方法是代人法，即将选项一一代替画线部分的内容，判断哪一选项更适合语境，因此，熟练掌握基础词汇尤其重要。2.正确选项与干扰项的特点如下：(1)正确选项的特点①相应词语的同义词语。②对相应语句的解释、复述或概括。(2)干扰项的特点①对原相应表达方式的不正确改写。②故意丢三落四。③半对半错。④曲解原意。这些干扰项有时会使用较多原句中的表达方式，给人似是而非的误导，考生要多加注意。