andSpeaking如何写说服性短文和进行演讲

EffectivePersuasioninWritingandSpeakingLearningObjectivesAfterthissession,youshouldbeableto…•Distinguishbetweenpersuasivewritingandotherwritingtypessuchasexposition.•Useasetofpersuasivedevicesandevaluateothers’writingandspeakingcriticallyinlightofsuchdevices.•Speakandwritereasonablyandlogicallythrougheffectivepersuasion.•Persuasivelyargueabouttopicsrelevanttodailylife,academicpursuit,careerandothercontexts.•Writeapersuasivepoemforpublic-serviceannouncements.ModesofWritingExposition1Persuasion/Argumentation2Description3Narration4Communicationsmaybedividedintofourmodes(types).Theyarethebasicwritingtypes.ToexplainorinformToconvinceorpersuadeTocreateinwordsapictureofaperson,place,object,orfeelingTotellastoryorrecountaneventWhatisPersuasiveWriting?Definition:Inapersuasiveessay,…youmusttakeapositioneitherfororagainstsomething;Youarewritingtoconvinceyourreadertobelieveordosomething;Inotherwords,therewillbeacalltoactioninapersuasiveessay.SignificanceofpersuasionMenarenotgovernedbyjustice,butbylaworpersuasion.Whentheyrefusetobegovernedbylaworpersuasion,theyhavetobegovernedbyforceorfraud,orboth.-BernardShawLead-inTask1(1minute)WhentoPersuadeanAudience•Directions:Canyouthinkofotherpersuasivecontexts?Workingroups.Findoutasmanysituationsasyoucanwhereyouneedtopersuadeothers.E.g.•Youpersuadeyourteachernevertogivehomeworkagain.•Youpersuadeyourmomtoletyouwearahairstyleshedoesn’tlike.•Youpersuadeyourfriendtojoinanassociationwithyou.OutlineofaPersuasiveEssay•Introduction•BodyparagraphsOpposingviewandcounterargumentDeveloponeparagraphtoaccuratelyexplainthemostsignificantopposingviewandthenrefuteit,beforeorafterpresentingyoursupportingpoints.•Conclusion-Creativelyrestateyourmainidea.PersuasiveStrategiesinSpeakingandWriting1.UnderstandyourAudience2.Buildcommonground3.Predicttheopposingviewsandcreateastrongcounterargumenttorefutethem4.SupportyourperspectivewithreliablesourcesUnderstandYourAudience•Relateyouraudiencetoyourtopic.•Appealtotheirheartsaswellastheirminds.–Useanecdoteswhenappropriate.–PaintyourtopicinwithplentyofdetailsappealtoreasonappealtoemotionEstablishcommongroundwithyouraudienceE.g.PointofOpposition:Youmightsupportawar,whereasyouraudiencemightnot.Commonground:Bothsideswanttoseetheirtroopscomehome.E.g.Tofavortuitionincreaseintheuniversity–anunpopularviewpointwiththeaudience.Asweallknow,therearemanydifferencesamongthepeopleinthisuniversity.Butregardlessofage,major,background,orgoals,weallshareonethingincommon–weareallconcernedwiththequalityofeducationinuniversity.Andthatqualityisclearlyindanger.Becauseofbudgetreductions,facultysalarieshavefallenbelowthoseatcomparableuniversities,libraryhourshavebeencutback,andmoreandmorestudentsarebeingcrowdedoutofclassestheyneedtotake.Whetherwelikeitornot,wehaveaproblem–aproblemthataffectseachofus.Iwouldliketodiscusswhetherthisproblemcanbesolvedbyanincreaseintuition.Predictopposingviews•Youmustbeawareofothersidesandbefairtothem;dismissingthemcompletelywillweakenyourownargument.•Example:YourArgument:Organicproduce(有机农产品)fromlocalFarmers’Marketsisbetterthanstore-boughtproduce.TheOpposition:Organicproduceistooexpensive.CreateaStrongCounterargument:Organicproduceishigherinnutritionalvaluethanstore-boughtproduceandisalsofreeofpesticides,makingitabettervalue.Also,store-boughtproducetravelsthousandsofmiles,andthecostofgasolineaffectsthepricesoffoodonsupermarketshelves.Usingtransitionstoacknowledgeopposition•Usetransitionalwordsorphrasestomakeconcessionbeforerefutingtheopposingview:•Certainly/Ofcourse/Nodoubt/Tobesure•Admittedly,•Granted,althoughit'struetosaythatwhileit'sfairtosaywhileIagreethatAdmittedly,itisdifficult,butitisn’timpossible.Granted,it'snotapleasantjob,butithastobedone.Followedbywhatyouagreewith,thenwhatyoudon'tagreewith,oracontrastingidea)SupportYourPerspectivewithReliableSourcesBuildcredibility/Ethos(Aristotle’sterm)Useevidence(logos)fromcrediblesources•Esp.statisticsandreputablestudies-Appealtotheaudience’sreasonQuestion:Whichoneofthefollowingstatements(imaginary)ismorecredible?•“Withintenyears,changesintechnologywillmaketoday’spersonalcomputersseemhopelesslyold-fashioned.”(BillGates)•“Personalcomputersarenotlikelytobemuchdifferentintenyearsthantheyaretoday.”(ZhangYimou)•“Despitechangesinaudiencevalues,therewillalwaysbeamarketforwell-madekungfufilms.”(ZhangYimou)•“Thereisnolongerasignificantmarketforkungfufilms.”(BillGates)17•Evidenceinclude:•personalexperience(narration,anecdote)•hypotheticalexamples•researchandstudies•statistics•peertestimony•experttestimonyDifferenttypesofevidenceCiteReliableSources•Citeexpertsonthetopic-Dotheybackupwhatyousay?-Dotheyrefutetheotherside?•Whichsourcewouldareaderfindmorecredible?–TheNewYorkTimes–(犯罪学)atPurdueUniversityOrganizingpersuasivespeeches•Fourspecialpatternstoorganizepersuasivespeeches:•1)Problem-solutionorder•2)Problem-cause-solutionorder•3)Comparativeadvantagesorder•4)Motivatedsequence•Itistailor-mad