语法-非谓语动词+练习解析

1语法学习网站二、非谓语动词非谓语动词既有非动词特征，又有动词特征。非动词特征：不定式—具有n.adj.adv.的特征，在句中担任除谓语外任何成分；动名词—具有n.特征，在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语；分词—具有adj.adv.特征，在句中可作主语、表语、宾补、状语；动词特征：有语态和部分时态的变化；可以有自己的宾语和状语，同其宾语和状语一起构成短语；还可有逻辑主语区别：动名词—名词；习惯性动作不定式—将来；一次性动作分词：现在分词—动作正在进行；表主动过去分词—动作已经完成；表被动（一）不定式1形式：to+v.原形否定式：nottodo主动形式：一般式—todo进行式—tobedoing完成式—tohavedone完成进行式—tohavebeendoing被动形式：一般式—tobedone完成式—tohavebeendone21)一般式：不定式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或者在谓语动词表示的饿动作之后发生。I’mgladtoseeyou.（同时发生）Theyinvitedustocometoaparty.（不定式动作后发生）2)完成式：不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前I’mgladtohaveseenyourmother.=I’mgladthatIhaveyourmother.Theenemywasreportedtohavesurrendered.=Itwasreportedthattheenemyhadsurrendered.3)进行式：谓语动词表示的动作发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行。Theyaresaidtobebuildinganotherbridgeovertheriver.=Itissaidthattheyarebuildinganotherbridgeovertheriver.4)完成进行式：在谓语动词表示的动作发生前，不定式表示的动作一直在进行。Theyaresaidtohavebeencollectingfolksongsthere.=Itissaidthattheyhavebeencollectingfolksongsthere.⊙关于不定式的时态，考试中主要测试一般式、进行式和完成式的区别，多数试题将正确答案设置在完成式上。为了更好地理解和掌握这一语法测试点，研读和比较下列句子。Theyexpectedtheirsontodowellintheexamination.Theyexpectedtheirsontobedoingwellduringtheexamination.Theyexpectedtheirsontohavedonewellintheexamination.32不定式作用①作主语Eg.Tomasteraforeignlanguageisnoteasy.→It’snoteasytomasteraforeignlanguage.It’sthegreatesthappinessoflifetoloveandtobeloved.注：不定式（短语）作主语通常转化成It+is/was+adj./n.+不定式（短语）其中it是形式主语(formsubject)，真正的主语是后面的不定式（短语）②作表语Eg.Herwishistobeateacher.Sheseemstobehappy.③作宾语Eg.Helovedtolistentomusic.IfinditdifficulttospeakEnglishfluently.下列及物动词要求不定式作宾语：afford,agree,aim,appear,arrange,ask,care,choose,decide,desire,demand,determine,help,hope,intend,learn,manage,mean,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,seem,strive,tend,wish,…④作定语Eg.Heisthebestmantoconsultwith.Thereisalotofworktodo.4注：不定式通常作后置定语，而且vi.后要加介词⑤作状语a目的状语Eg.Istartedearlysoasto/inordertogettherebeforedark.soasto和inorderto是不定式的强调形式soasto用在句中inorderto用在句中或句首否定形式：nottodosoasnottodoinordernottodob原因状语Eg.Weareproudtobemembersofthisteam.Wejumpedwithjoytohearofthegoodnews.c结果状语Eg.Heistooyoungtogotoschool.Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.Ihurriedtotherailwaystationonlytofindthatthetrainhadleft.Hebehavedsofoolishlyastomakemethinkthatheisoutofhissenses.Hisstoryissosadastoarouseoursympathy.soasto/suchastoso…asto/such…asto5so/such区别：so+adj.such+n.so/such排序：so+adj.+a/an+n.such+a/an+adj.+n.Eg.Hersissuchasadstoryastoarouseoursympathy.Hersissosadastoryastoarouseoursympathy.Herstoryissuchastoarouseoursympathy.⑥作补语a宾补Eg.Chinaexpectseveryonetodohisduty.Icouldmakethemunderstandme.补：要求不定式作宾补的动词：ask,tell,want,expect,invite,allow,forbid,force,oblige,urge,advise,persuade…sb.todosth.要求省to不定式作宾补的动词：make/have/letsb.dosth.helpsb.todosth.主语不直接参与动作helpsb.dosth.主语直接参与动作Eg.Thiskindofsoapwillhelpustowashtheclothesmoreeasily.Theyalwayshelpmedomyhomework.b主补Eg.Weweremadetopaythemoney.Amanwasseentoenterthehouse.6注：主被动语态转换S.makesb.dosth.→sb.bemadetodosth.S.sawamanenterthehouse.→Amanwasseentoenterthehouse.S.sawamanenteringthehouse.→Amanwasseenenteringthehouse.3结构与考点①否定式Youmustpromisenevertodothatagain.②疑问词+不定式（作主语、宾语、宾补、表语）介词+疑问词+不定式（作状语）Eg.Wheretostayhasnotbeendecidedyet.（主语）Shedoesn’tknowwhattodo.（动词宾语）Hehadnoideaofhowtodo.（介词宾语）Iaskhimwheretogetthisbook.（宾语补足语）Thequestioniswhichtochoose.（表语）Iwantaroomwithbigwindows,throughwhichtoseethesea.（状语）③复合结构：forsb.todosth.Itis+adj./n.+for/ofsb.todosth.（当形容词为表示“性格特征或行为表现”的形容词时，介词用of，如kind,wrong,polite,wise…）Eg.Thebookistoodifficultforthestudentstoread.7Thereisnoneedforhertocome.It’sdifficultforustolearnEnglishwell.It’skindofyoutohelpmewithmyEnglish.④独立结构：作插入语，表示说话人的看法or态度Eg.Tobefrank(withyou),Idon’tcaremuchforyourproject.Theyare,sotospeak,grownupboys.（可以这么说）Heisnotabadman,tobesure.（固然）tobehonestwithyou;totellyouthetruth;⑤分离不定式：在to与v.原形之间插入adv.Eg.Shepreparedtosilentlyaccompanyhim.4省略不定式符号to的情况（省to不定式即动词原形）①hadbetter/hadbest(not)dowouldrather/wouldsoonerdosth.thandosth.wouldjustassoondosth.asdo…（宁愿…也不愿…）may/might(just)aswelldo…（还是…好；还不如…;不妨…）cannotbutdo…(不能不；不得不）Eg.Iwouldjustassoonstayasgowithhim.Wemayaswellbeginatonce.Youmayaswelltellthetruth.Wemightjustaswellstayathome.Icannotbutadmirehiscourage.8②感官动词或使役动词+宾语+动词原形宾补make/have/let+sb./sth.+do常见感官动词：see,hear,watch,notice,observe,listento,lookat,feeletc.[注：make/have+sb./sth.+done]③若连词(than,as)或介词(except,but)前有do的某种形式，省to;反之则不省Eg.Hedidnotsomuchassayhewassorry.Ididnomorethanmakeabeginning.Ihavenochoicebuttoacceptthefact.Ididnothingbut/exceptrepairthefarmtools.Mydogdoeseverythingexceptspeak.④作表语的不定式，若主语中有do的某种形式，可省to也可不省.Eg.AllIdidwas(to)hithimonthehead.Theonlythingwecandois(to)encouragehimtotryagain.Theonlythingtodois(to)encouragehimtotryagain.WhatI’lldois(to)tellherthetruth.（二）动名词1形式：v-ing否定形式：notv-ing主动形式：一般式v-ing完成式havingdone9被动形式：一般式beingdone完成式havingbeendone复合结构：one’sdoing2作用①作主语Eg.Seeingisbelieving.Thereisnodenyingthis.It’snouse/good/uselesscryingoverthespiltmilk.②作表语Eg.Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.③作宾语动词宾语Ihavefinishedreadingthebook.介词宾语Sheisveryfondofdancing.④宾补HecalledthisrobbingPetertopayPaul.Doyoufindstayinghereinteresting?→Doyoufinditinterestingstayinghere?动名